Browsing by Subject "European Union"

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1970-2010 yılları Arasında Türkiye’de engelli istihdamının tarihi ve Avrupa Birliği’ne uyum sürecinin rolü
(Bilkent University, 2024) Akıncı, Doruk; Aktaş, Melis Ece; Ercan, Nizam; Hatipoğlu, Arda Barın; Gökalp, Ceylin
Engelli bireylerin ekonomik olarak özgürleşmesinin toplumsal kalkınma için önemli olduğu bir gerçektir. Bu araştırmada, 60’lar ve sonrası Türkiye’sini engelli istihdamı açısından incelemeyi ve Avrupa Birliği standartlarına kıyaslamayı amaçladık. Bu konuda yasalar çıkarılmadan önce engelli istihdamının neredeyse tamamını sivil toplum örgütleri ve benzer kuruluşlar sağlıyordu, ki gerekli yasaların çıkarılmasında da bunlar yöneltici bir rol oynadılar. Bu yolda önemli engellerle de karşılaştılar. Yeni yönetmelik ve düzenlemelere rağmen engelli istihdamında uygulama olarak beklenilen seviyeye ulaşılamadı ve sürekli Avrupa Birliği standartlarının altında kalındı.
Open Access
An action research report on the rising democracy discourse in 2000's Turkey: does Eros contour the demos?
(Elsevier, 2007) Cindoglu, D.; Boynukara, A.; Akyuz, S.; Bekaroğlu, E. A.
This article conceptualizes gender equity and sexual liberty issues that most of the literature on democracy and democratization in Turkey fails to address. The major focus of the article is on the convergent and divergent positions of the rising democratization discourse in contemporary Turkey. When the democratization discourses of different political groups are analyzed, we see that the convergent points consist of legal and constitutional changes that aim at political and economic liberalization, while the divergent points include liberalization in the private sphere and engaging in gender equity and sexual liberty issues. Therefore, we argue that it is crucial to analyze gender equity and sexual liberty issues with more dynamic concepts such as globalization and the EU accession process of Turkey rather than the essentialist ones like Islam.
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The analysis of Turkey's approach to peace operations
(2007) Güngör, Uğur
This dissertation aims at analyzing the motivations that lie at the roots of Turkey’s involvement in peace operations, mostly organized under the leadership of the United Nations in the post-Cold War era. The main contention is that participation in such operations has been an identity-constructing activity in the sense that Turkey has tried to reinforce its eroding western identity in the 1990s through this particular way. This dissertation also discusses alternative motivations behind Turkey’s involvement in peace operations, such as security-related considerations in a neo-realist vein and domestic influence of ethnic and religion pressure groups, but argues that these accounts fail short of offering convincing explanations. Methodologically, the research for this dissertation will be thematic, not theoretical. The purpose of this study is not to make value judgments concerning Turkey’s participation in peace operations, but instead to describe, understand, and explain its role. Based on Turkey’s experiences in peace operations, this dissertation reaches the following conclusions. First, Turkey’s western image has improved. Second, Turkey could transform its security identity and interests in line with the changing security conceptualizations in the West. Third, the modernization process of Turkish armed forces has become much easier following Turkey’s presence in such operations. Fourth, the prospects of Turkey’s membership in the EU have increased following Turkey’s cooperation with EU members in various peace operations in different regions of the world. Fifth, participation in peace operations has contributed to the improvement of Turkey’s relations with the United States which have gradually deteriorated in the postCold War era.
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The Analysis of Turkish foreign policy under Justice and Development Party government in the post-9/11 world
(2008) Yanarışık, Oğuzhan
The disastrous attacks on 11 September 2001 signalled the beginning of a new era within which more people believe that Islam is in conflict with the West and western values. Although the Islamic political identity was traditionally based on opposition to the West and the westernization in Turkey, rapprochement between the Turkish Islamists and western values occurred ironically in the same era. The establishment and the rise of Justice and Development Party (JDP) are seen by many observers as an evidence of this transformation in the position of Islamists towards the West. This thesis evaluates the impact of systemic interactions on the identity formation, interest construction, and thus foreign policy behaviours of JDP-led Turkey through constructivist lenses. In other words, it takes the changing international environment in the post 9/11 world as independent variable, within which international norms are interrogated, East-West perceptions are reconsidered and identities are reconstructed. On the other hand, it takes identity, interests and behaviors of JDP-led Turkey and other international actors as dependent variables.
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Civil society as foreign policy actor : the case of TÜSİAD
(2006) Demirkol, Özhan
This thesis analyzes the influence of the strong state tradition on Turkish entrepreneurs with a special focus on TÜSİAD’s involvement in Turkey-EU relations. The thesis traces the reasons of TÜSİAD’s support for Turkey’s EU membership. Consequently it analyzes TÜSİAD’s contribution to Turkey-EU relations.
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Codification of the inviolability of frontiers principle in the Helsinki Final Act: Its purpose and implications for conflict resolution
(Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014) Sadigbayli, R.
This article tests the proposition that there is inherent conflict between the principles of the Helsinki Final Act, specifically those related to equal rights and the self-determination of peoples, territorial integrity and the inviolability of frontiers. For this purpose the drafting history of the Helsinki Accords is revisited to shed light on how the participating States interpreted these principles and what meaning they attributed to them. It is argued that the overall purpose of the Final Act, which is to codify the stability of frontiers principle by prohibiting the use of force against frontiers as well as any unilateral, non-consensual actions as far as the territory of the participating States is concerned, should be kept in mind while interpreting these principles. The article concludes by reviewing the practice of States in interpreting the principles over the past two decades to show that changed political circumstances in Europe have not affected the interpretation of the relevant Helsinki Final Act provisions. © 2014 NHC.
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Common agricultural policy : Turkey's harmonisation
(2007) Mercan, Gülşah
This thesis is a study on Turkey’s harmonization with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The CAP is the first policy of the EU which covers approximately 44% of the EU budget. Since the early days of its adoption, the CAP keeps Member States’ agriculture under one common framework. Since 1959, Turkey’s application date for associate membership, Turkey’s EU vocation has been going on by affecting the agricultural sector in Turkey. It was after long years that in 1999 at the Helsinki Summit of the EU, Turkey was declared a candidate state. At this point it is obvious that during the accession negotiations, Turkey’s adaptation to the EU acquis regarding the agricultural chapter will be one of the determining factors of her EU membership. That is why a set of reforms have been introduced in the agricultural sector of Turkey. The aims of this thesis are to evaluate Turkey’s harmonisation with the CAP and to designate that the agricultural chapter of the acquis should not be a preventative factor for Turkey on her EU vocation. In this respect the evolution of Turkish agriculture in line with the CAP will be touched upon and a comparative study will be provided to illustrate Turkish agriculture’s conformity to the CAP.
Open Access
A comparative investigation of the price competitiveness of Turkish and Southeast Asian exports in the European Union market, 1990-1997
(Routledge, 2002) Kotan, Z.; Sayan, S.
The relative concentration with respect to export markets and products makes export receipts of Turkey vulnerable to fluctuations in the demand conditions. Given that most of the Turkish exports face intense competition from close substitutes produced in other countries, avoiding large fluctuations in export receipts, and maintenance/growth of market shares in such major export destinations as the EU market often require price competition. This paper investigates the significance and nature of price competition between Turkish and Southeast Asian exporters of selected manufacturing products in the EU market where this competition is particularly stiff. For this purpose, we estimate a model that posits that the relative market shares of Turkish and Southeast Asian exporters in the EU markets for commodities we consider are related to © 2002 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Construction of civil-military relations in Turkey
(2011) Halistoprak, Burak Toygar
Maintaining civilian control over military constitutes the classical problematique of the civil-military relations (CMR) scholarship. Besides, the relationship between military and civilians are taken as conflictual. Constructivist approach, on the other hand, argues that roles of social actors are not constant but they are socially constructed through an interaction process. Building on the constructivist approach, this thesis aims to focus on the relationship between military and civilians as an outcome of a process. Its argument is that the nature of relationship between civilians and soldiers are socially constructed within the social interaction process. Thus, it uses constructivism as its theoretical framework to provide insights to the factors determinant on the role of military in the political system. It uses a “theory-building case study” method and intends to make some theoretical implications derived from Turkish case. It analyzes the role construction of military in two domains: Organizational domain; societal domain. While organizational domain focuses on the legal status and self-perception of Turkish Armed Forces, societal domain is composed of political sphere and citizenry. The study shows that instruments such as ideology, compulsory military service system, education and media are used to build a strong military role. It makes a comparison of two periods. First period is between 1980 and 2001. The thesis argues that a strong and active military role can be observed in the first period. The second period is post- 2001 period. In the second era, it is observed that there is a structural and discursive change in the military‟s role in Turkish political system with the effect of the relations with European Union. The thesis makes a modest contribution to the civil- iv military relations literature by using a theoretical framework which has not been used very often in the literature.
Open Access
Croatia and Turkey : is EU enlargement policy beyond the principle of conditionality?
(2008) Kırmacı, Melek
This thesis aims to understand the enlargement policy of the European Union in the light of the comparative analysis of Turkish and Croatian accession process to the Union. In order to do that, the study asks the question whether the EU’s enlargement policy is beyond the principle of political conditionality, which is to be applied to all applicant states on equal footings. The focus here is on change in conditionality policy with respect to its approach and priorities. Given the need for comparison between Croatia and Turkey, the thesis tries to find out the relations between conditionality and the enlargement process and the EU itself in terms of impact of the current policy environment on its commitment for enlargement. This study affords a picture of the problems which change in conditionality since 2004 has risen for the understanding of enlargement policy. Moreover, the thesis investigates how recent developments might have an effect on the enlargement policy of the Union. In this context, the thesis analyses the reason behind the different levels of iv commitment on the part of the EU towards Turkey and Croatia. Since they simultaneously started the accession negotiations with the EU, there appears a great opportunity to evaluate the EU’s enlargement behaviour with its similarities and differences. In conclusion, member state preferences and concerns have a greater role in the changed policy environment, which requires an approach beyond the simple analysis of political conditionality to understand the enlargement policy of the Union.
Open Access
Dünya düzenleri ve güvenlik: Ulus-devlet güvenlik anlayışı aşılıyor mu?
(Millî Savunma Üniversitesi Atatürk Stratejik Araştırmalar Enstitüsü, 2007) Oğuzlu, H. Tarık
Bu yazı farklı dünya düzenleri ile güvenlik algılamaları arasındaki ilişkileri analiz etmektedir. Bunu yaparken iki farklı dünya düzenini incelemektedir. Bunlar sırası ile ulus-devlet düzeni ile ulus-devlet ötesi düzendir. Her bir sistemin karakteristik özelliklerine göre, güvenlik kavramının tanımlanışı değişmektedir. Yazı ağırlıklı olarak ulus-devlet ötesi sistemi tartışmakta ve de şu temel argümanı öne sürmektedir. Ulus-devlet düzeninin devleti esas alan güvenlik anlayışı her ne kadar ulus-devlet ötesi düzenin bireyi esas alan anlayışı tarafından sorgulanıyor olsa da, günümüzde hala hakim olan anlayış birincisidir. Bunu gösterirken yazı günümüz sisteminin iki başat aktörü olan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile Avrupa Birliği’nin güvenlik algılamalarının karşılıklı bir mukayesesini yapmaktadır. Öne sürülen temel görüş şudur. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin güvenlik anlayışı daha çok ulus-devlet düzeninin güvenlik anlayışına yakınken, AB’ninki ulus-devlet ötesi düzenin güvenlik anlayışına yakındır. Bir diğer argüman ise 11 Eylül sonrası gelişmelerin hem küresel hem de AB ölçeğinde ulus-devlet ötesi güvenlik anlayışının yerleşmesini kolaylaştırmadığıdır.
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The effect of property rights on the relationship between economic growth and pollution for transition economies
(2007) Solakoglu, E.G.
The paper measures changes in environmental quality in transition countries from 1987 to 2000 because of economic growth and environmental reforms. Indication of property rights may accelerate the growth process, as well as the composition effect on the environment. Thus, we compare transition countries that are not yet members of the European Union offering poorly defined property rights with EU-member transition countries offering better-defined property rights. We find that although EU-member transition countries exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship between pollution intensity and economic growth, with a turning point at $5,710, non EU-member transition countries do not support such a relation. © 2007 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The effects of the European Union accession process on the Turkish law enforcement system
(2004) Erol, Subhi Sinan
The EU accession process and the ultimate EU membership have always served as an appropriate anchor and incentive for Turkey to undertake the necessary reforms. Turkey has tried to incorporate into West by using European laws and institutions for 200 years; however, Turkey has always carried out them in her own understanding. To put it clearly, by the EU accession process, Turkey faces the fact that she has to play the game by obeying original of rules in order to become a member of the EU. Seeing that, this study aims to explain Turkey’s amendments made to play the game originally, especially in the field of Justice and Home affairs. In conclusion, the scope of this analysis is to explain the transformation process of the law enforcement forces who have always been one of the most problematic parts of the Turkey’s integration to West.
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Enerji Şartı Antlaşması’nın modernizasyonunun yatırım uyuşmazlıklarının çözümü üzerindeki etkisi
(2024-07) Köse, Selenay
Enerji, hem ulusal devletler düzeyinde hem de Avrupa Birliği gibi devletler birliği düzeyinde toplum ve ekonomi için hayati öneme sahiptir. Devletlerin kalkınması açısından önemli bir yapı taşı olan enerji yatırımlarının, hem yatırımcı hem Devlet için hukuki koruma ihtiyacı kaçınılmaz hale gelmiştir. Bu ihtiyaca çözüm olarak enerji yatırımlarının korunmasına yönelik uluslararası yatırım hukuku geliştirilmiştir. Bu alan içerisinde özellikle yatırım tahkimi davalarının çoğunluğunu oluşturan enerji yatırımları, ayrı bir anlaşma olan Enerji Şartı Antlaşması ile düzenlenmiştir. Bu Antlaşma, çok taraflı bir yatırım anlaşması olarak enerji politikasını düzenleyen hükümleri ve içerdiği yatırım uyuşmazlıkları çözüm mekanizmaları ile yorumlanmakta ve uygulanmaktadır. Zaman içerisinde, enerji yatırım uyuşmazlıklarından kaynaklanan davalar da dâhil olmak üzere yatırım tahkimi açısından Antlaşmanın içerdiği birçok hüküm, çağın gereksinimlerini karşılamadığı ve iklim politikası önlemlerine uyum sağlamadığı gerekçesiyle eleştiri konusu olmuştur. Bu bağlamda Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri kendi aralarındaki ikili yatırım anlaşmalarına son vermiş ve ardından Enerji Şartı Antlaşması’ndan çekilme kararı almışlardır. Bu noktada, Antlaşmanın modernizasyonu da dâhil olmak üzere yeni yaklaşımlar geliştirilme ihtiyacı doğmuştur. Böylece modernizasyon süreci, Antlaşmanın yeniden tasarlanmasını gerektirmiştir. Çalışmamız kapsamında Antlaşmanın modernizasyonunu gerektiren olaylar ve özellikle yatırım tahkimi sistemine getirilen eleştiriler üzerinde durulacak, ardından, sistemin aksaklıkları sebebiyle Avrupa Birliği’nin Antlaşmadan çekilme kararı almasından sonra karşılaşılan mevcut durum ve gelecekteki olası senaryolar değerlendirilerek tüm bu gelişmelerin yatırım uyuşmazlıklarının çözüm süreci üzerindeki etkisi analiz edilecektir.
Open Access
Enlargement - led transformation of Turkish SME policies
(2011) Gürdal, Kamile Yüksel
This thesis aims to analyze the effects of Turkey’s membership candidacy to European Union on Turkish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with respect to the European Union’s (EU) pre- accession strategy and agenda setting role. After giving the contextualization and modus operandi of enlargement- led Europeanization as well as the EU approach to SME policies, historical analysis is utilized to show the evolution of the Turkish policies on SMEs since the establishment of Turkish Republic. The study reaches a conclusion that, EU candidacy, by means of the accession conditionality and its own agenda, led to changes in Turkish SME policy makers’ perceptions regarding the role of SMEs importance in economy and thus paves the way for the solution of Turkish SME’s chronical problems in the long run
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The EU energy security considerations and Turkey's possible membership
(2009) Tabak, Ayşegül
This thesis aims to understand changing energy security considerations of the European Union and in this context Turkey’s increasing chance to be a European member. In order to do that, the study targets the question : “How did European energy security considerations enhance and how does this situation influence Turkey’s possible membership process, due to latter’s geo-strategic position?”. European Union, as the other import-energy dependent actors, has experienced the negative consequences of this dependency. Particulary, the energy’s being used as a political weapon has made the “energy security” more momentous for the Community. In this respect, energy security policies has attracted more attention. As a result of one of these policies, diversification, the Union has started to give more consideration to diversified energy suppliers and transit countries. Accordingly, Turkey has gained a significant attention as an iv important transit country, with the strategic position near to main energy suppliers. Thus, this thesis proposes that Turkey’s geo-strategic position will enhance Turkey’s significance for the Union and open the way for its Union membership. Relying on official EU documents and literature, this study reaches the conclusion that energy security is very important for the EU and in order to enhance its situation the Union will try its best. In this regard, Turkey’s religious and cultural diffrences seems to be less important than Union’s interests and thus Turkey has an enhanced possibility to be an EU member.
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The EU membership of a loosely centralised 'federal' Cyprus: a strategy of cooperation and conflict-mitigation
(Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, 2002) Oğuzlu, H. Tarık
As the time approaches for the European Union to decide on the membership of the Island, the current ambiguous approach of the EU does not seem to offer to parties credible incentives to come to settlement. Instead, performances of the all interested parties so far have demonstrated that the 'cooperation-promoting, conflict-mitigating' character of the EU's accession process has not yielded the expected result. This paper argues that if the EU's current Cyprus policy leads to an early membership of the Greek Cypriot part of the Island as representing the whole Island, the risks to security and stability in the region would escalate. It further suggests that the EU needs to reconsider its current approach and needs to advocate the EU membership of a loosely centralised federal Cyprus.
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The EU's effectiveness in the Eastern Mediterranean migration quandary: challenges to building societal resilience
(Routledge, 2021-04-30) Özçürümez, Saime
Under what conditions does the EU contribute to the prevention of governance breakdown and violent conflict in areas of limited statehood and contested orders by fostering societal resilience? This study seeks answers to this question by examining the EU's effectiveness in fostering societal resilience in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey while they have coped with risks emerging from cross-border mobility, mass influx, and prolonged stays of the forcibly displaced due to the Syrian crisis since 2011. The study argues that the EU has been constrained in building societal resilience. The findings suggest that the EU's effectiveness is limited by context-specific social, political, and economic risks in host countries; divergence among policy actors’ often contradictory preferences; and the impact of the EU's policies in outsourcing management of forced displacement. The study concludes that the EU needs to link the implementation of its short-term pragmatic programmes that primarily enable state resilience in crisis contexts with its long-term liberal vision for fostering high level societal resilience with democratic principles and institutions.
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The EU-Turkey refugee deal: multiple levels of international negotiation
(2020-08) Gülen, İrem Aybala
In March 2016, the European Union (EU) and Turkey agreed on a deal which envisaged to put an end to the irregular crossings of Syrian refugees from Turkey to Europe. This thesis aims to explain two important puzzles regarding the deal. While almost all countries governed by right-wing populist political parties around the world adopt antiimmigrant policies, Turkey emerged as an anomaly in terms of being a top refugee hosting country and striking a deal which keeps the refugees within the country. At the same time, despite its obvious benefits for the EU, the EU did not hold up its own side of the deal and cooperation between two sides deteriorated in ensuing years. This study argues that Turkey aimed to use Syrian refugees as a leverage vis-a-vis the EU to obtain political, financial and normative concessions. Although the AKP government got the EU to accept its demands on paper, the EU could not keep its side of bargain as a result of simultaneous interaction within and between its multiple levels. In order to explain inability of the EU in delivering its promises, this study extends Putnam’s two-level game analysis to three-levels, and analyzes how the interplay of these levels affected the outcome of the deal.
Open Access
European integration, productivity growth and real convergence
(Elsevier BV, 2007) Kutan, A. M.; Yigit, T. M.
This paper derives a stochastic endogenous growth model to investigate the impact of European Union (EU) integration on convergence and productivity growth. The theoretical model implies both temporary and permanent positive effects of the integration process. The empirical part of the analysis uses structural break tests and data envelopment analysis to examine the accession process of five recent members to the EU15. The results show (i) endogenously identified accession dates as structural breaks, (ii) improved rates of productivity growth after accession over and above the Union benchmark level, and (iii) increased pace of overall growth due to capital accumulation as a result of institutional features of the Union such as Structural and Cohesion Funds. These findings support the theoretical model, implying that economic integration is beneficial for member countries, especially from a long-run perspective, and Cohesion and Structural funds help the new members catch up with the core-EU members' standard of living. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.