Browsing by Subject "Employment"

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Open Access
Commonsense aspects of buying and selling
(Taylor & Francis Inc., 1996) Akman, V.; Ersan, M.
We describe an experimental approach toward implementing a commonsense "microtheory" for buying and selling. Our prototype system characterizes how intelligent agents hold items and money, how they buy and sell items, and the way money and items are transferred. The ontology of the system includes money (cash, check, credit card), agents (people, organizations), items (movable, real estate, service), barter, and the notions of transfer, loan, buying by installments, profit, and loss.
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The effects of a Syrian refugee neighborhood on socio-economy of Turkey
(Bilkent University, 2020) Abed, Mohammed K. A.; Hamwy, Maryam; Amirabadi, Raha; Samiei, Ahmadreza; Abunemeh, Yara
In 2011, a civil war started that led to the migration of millions of Syrians to neighboring countries. A couple of years later, a deal was signed between the European Union and Turkey which stated that Turkey is willing to accept a large number of Syrian immigrants in its country, and The EU part of the deal was to support Turkey during this major change and help provide the immigrants with their necessities met. Since then, many aspects have changed in the living conditions in Turkey. In this research paper, we are going to investigate the socio-economic conditions of a single neighborhood in Ankara that has been occupied by a few Syrian refugee families while also delving into how their migration has affected Turkish cultures.
Open Access
Employment effects of foreign direct investment in the Turkish manufacturing industry
(2010) Yiğit, Merve
This thesis studies the causal e§ects of foreign ownership on plant employment of varying degrees of FDI. I not only examine the employment e§ects of FDI ináows by using standard deÖnition of FDI as is standard in the literature, but I also look into the possible di§erentiale e§ects of di§erent levels of FDI and identify these e§ects at the 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent foreign ownership in plants, respectively. These e§ects are tested using plant-level data from Annual Manufacturing Industry Statistics on the Turkish Manufacturing industry. To control for the possible selection-bias, a di§erence-in-di§erences approach is combined with propensity score matching. The advantage of this method is that it allows observing the divergence in the paths of employment between the treated plants and the matched control plants. It is shown that foreign acquisition in Turkish manufacturing industry leads to a signiÖcant increase in employment in the acquired plants when the standard deÖnition of FDI is used. The positive and statistically signiÖcant e§ects become visible in the acquisition year and continue in the subsequent periods. I Önd that after three years, the acquired plants outperform the control group in terms of employment by 21 percentage points. The signiÖcant positive employment e§ects are also observed when I only focus on the private establishments, excluding public establishments from the sample. The analysis also suggests that the positive employment e§ects occur together with increases in output and productivity. However, it is observed that as the dominance of foreign partners increases in foreign ownership percentages the employment e§ects of FDI ináows begin to decrease.
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Eskişehir Şeker Fabrikası'nın Eskişehir’in bölgesel kalkınmasındaki payı
(Bilkent University, 2021) Bozan, İclal Ülkü; Teoman, Pelin; Çınarlı, İdil Berna; Güner, Şebnem; Öztürk, Egemen
Türkiye’de şeker üretimi, Cumhuriyet sonrası dönemde bir sanayi kolu hâline gelmiştir. Bu sanayi kolu, sağladığı ekonomik katkılarıyla yıllar içerisinde büyük önem kazanmıştır. 1933 yılında Kâzım Taşkent öncülüğünde, Türkiye’nin üçüncü şeker fabrikası olarak kurulmuş olan Eskişehir Şeker Fabrikası; bölgesel ölçekte sosyal ve ekonomik katkılar sağlamıştır. Eskişehir Şeker Fabrikası kurulduğu dönemde ülkenin refah seviyesinde vadettiği yükselme sayesinde yazılı basında adından sıkça söz ettirmiştir. Fabrika hem bölge halkına hem de çevre illerdeki birçok vatandaşa istihdam sağlamıştır. Araştırmada fabrikanın kuruluşundan önceki dönemde şeker üretiminin sosyoekonomik koşullarından bahsedilmesinin ardından Eskişehir Şeker Fabrikasının kuruluşundan günümüze kadar sektör ve ülkemiz kalkınmasına sunduğu katkılar değerlendirilecektir.
Open Access
Essays on the effects of compulsory schooling: education, labor market, and time use outcomes
(2021-08) Akar, Betül
This thesis consists of four essays on the effects of the compulsory schooling reform, which extends the mandatory years of schooling from five to eight years in 1997 in Turkey. The first essay utilizes the exogenous education reform as an instrument for the educational attainment to investigate the causal effects of education on voluntary work. The reform increases the education levels of individuals significantly, and increased education of compliers has a negative but insignificant causal impact on the probability and hours of voluntary work for men. The second essay investigates the impact of increased education, due to the exogenous education reform which extended mandatory secular education by three years, on time spent in religious activities. For women, increased education has a negative causal impact on the allocation of time to religious activities; however, for males, there are no significant effects of education on time spent in religious activities. The third essay examines the impact of the extension of mandatory education on mothers’ time spent in early childhood care. The compulsory education reform increases mothers’ completion of at least compulsory years of schooling. However, it has no significant effect on the primary components of early childhood education, namely time spent in reading to children, playing with children, and talking to children. The forth essay investigates the impact of the reform on the ethnic gap in educational and labor market outcomes between two ethnic groups in Turkey. For females, the reform widens the ethnic gap in the educational outcomes but has no impact on the ethnic gap in the labor market outcomes. On the other hand, for males, it has no impact on the ethnic disparities in the educational attainment but widens the disparities in the labor market outcomes.
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Geçmişten günümüze Eskişehir’in “Eyi” suyu: Kalabak
(Bilkent University, 2023) Abanuz, Alkım; Ünal, Burak; Demir, Dilara; Özcan, Elifnaz; Baycan, Yakup Kaan
Bu çalışmanın genelinde Kalabak Su’yunun kuruluşu, zamanla geçirdiği değişimler, Eskişehir halkına ve sosyal yapıya etkisi üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Makalenin giriş kısmında suyun hayatımızdaki önemi ve Eskişehir’in Kalabak Su’yu keşfedilene kadar kullandığı su kaynaklarına değinilmiştir. İkinci bölüme geçildiğinde Kalabak Su’yunun kuruluş hikayesi, Gazi Mustafa Kemal’in bu kuruluştaki etkisi, yeni bir suya niçin ihtiyaç duyulduğu ve inşaat süreci yer almaktadır. Tüm bunlara ek olarak, üçüncü bölümde Kalabak Su’yunun tarih içerisindeki değişiminden bahsedilmiştir. İsale hattının değişimi ve suyun taşınma araçlarına ek olarak Sakacılık kültürünün zaman içerisindeki değişimi bu bölümde incelenmiştir. Makalenin dördüncü ve son bölümüne gelindiğinde ise Kalabak Su’yunun Eskişehir’e dair sosyal ve ekonomik etkileri iki başlık altında incelenmiştir. İlk olarak Kalabak su üretim merkezinin yarattığı hem üretim hem de dağıtım aşamasında yer alan istihdam, ikinci olarak ise Eskişehir halkının Kalabak Su’yuyla ilişkisi incelenmiştir.
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How changes in higher education impacted social-economic situation in Turkey after 1950s
(Bilkent University, 2023) Zebardast, Sara; Aliyev, Kamran; Zeynalov, Kanan; Kharlan, Aleksandr; Ahani, Amirhossein
Turkey’s higher education system lacked crucial components prior to the 1950s. There were only three universities in the entire country, and they were all in Istanbul or Ankara. The government-owned enterprises at the time dominated the entire market, which did not aid Turkey’s economic condition. A country’s labor force must be educated if it is to enjoy social and economic prosperity, hence the Turkish government had to increase the capacity of its educational institutions. Because of the country’s expanding population, rising number of high school graduates, and overall societal growth, the government was compelled to give education priority. Between the 1950s and the early 1990s, Turkey’s social economy saw significant changes, which had an impact on its social economy positively to an extent. Key-Words: Higher Education, Labor Force, Population, Economy, Employment
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II. Dünya Savaşı sonrası Türkiye tarımında modernizasyonun ekonomiye ve istihdama etkisi
(Bilkent University, 2023) Tosun, Ahmet Emir; Say, Ege Barış; Özcan, Can; Köse, Ege Eren; Baydar, Yüksel Barkın
Günümüz tarımında birçok farklı modern teknik kullanılmaktadır ve bunlar yapılan tarımın verimliliğini arttırmaktadır. Tarımda yapılan bu makineleşme işlemleri Türkiye’de İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından gelen ekonomik ve politik sorunların etkisiyle başlamıştır ve her geçen yıl ile birlikte Türkiye ekonomisini ve Türk halkının istihdam durumunu doğrudan etkilemiştir. Bu araştırma sınırları dahilinde, 2. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Türkiye’de uygulanmaya başlayan tarımda modernizasyonun ülkeye nasıl empoze edildiği incelenecek; bu gelişmelerin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan tarımda modernizasyonun ülke ekonomisine ve istihdama katkısı değerlendirilecektir. Bu çalışma sonucunda tarımda makineleşmenin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne olan etkilerinin anlaşılabilmesi hedeflenmektedir.
Open Access
Inflation targeting, employment creation and economic development: assessing the impacts and policy alternatives
(Routledge, 2008) Epstein, G.; Yeldan, E.
Inflation targeting (IT) has recently become the dominant monetary policy prescription for both developing and industrialized countries alike. Emerging market governments, in particular, are increasingly pressured to follow IT as part of their International Monetary Fund (IMF)-led stabilization packages and the routine rating procedures of the international finance institutions. However, the common expectation of IT promoters that price stability would ultimately lead to higher employment and sustained growth has failed to materialize. Generally, the current growth patterns of the world economy are too concentrated and uneven to generate sufficient capital investment and reduce unemployment. To contribute to the task of designing a more socially desirable macroeconomic policy environment, we offer concrete country case studies that devise viable alternatives to inflation targeting central bank policies in order to promote employment, sustained growth and improved income distribution.
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İnönü’nün gururu: Ford Otosan İnönü Fabrikası
(Bilkent University, 2024) Saydan, Erberk; Şenkaya, Hasan Utku; Yavuz, Oğulcan; Tan, Yunus; Hazar, Melis Öykü; Çengil, Yiğit
Ford Otosan İnönü Fabrikası Eskişehir’in İnönü ilçesinde kurulmuştur. Ford Otosan’ın en önemli fabrikalarından biri olan bu fabrika özellikle ağır ticari araçların üretimi konusunda uzmanlaşmıştır. Ford Otosan fabrikası ülkemizdeki sanayinin gelişmesine büyük katkı sağlamasıyla birlikte açıldığı İnönü ilçesinde de istihdamın artmasına ve buna bağlı olarak nüfus artışına da sebep olmuştur. İnönü Fabrikası, motor üretimi, araç montajı ve Ar-Ge faaliyetleri gibi birçok alanda hizmet vermektedir. Fabrikada üretilen F-Max serisi kamyonlar ve yerli üretim şanzıman hem yerel pazarda hem de uluslarası pazarlarda fabrikanın öne çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Fabrika, Türk mühendislerin tasarladığı ve geliştirdiği ağır ticari araçlarla birlikte dünya çapında tescillenmiş başarılara imza atmıştır.
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İşte güç: kadınların öncülüğünde yükselen OPET’in hikayesi
(Bilkent University, 2024) Akpınarlı, Ayşegül; Cebeci, Ece Tuğba; Çınar, Özge Aylin; Karcı, Yaren Selen; Aydın, Zeynep Eda
Bu araştırma yazısında, iş dünyasındaki lider kadınların çalışma hayatında yaşadığı zorluklar ele alınmıştır. Ataerkil toplumun iş dünyasındaki kadınların rollerine ve liderliklerine koyduğu engellerden ve bu engellere karşı çözüm önerilerinden bahsedilmektedir. Cinsiyet eşitliği mücadelesinde kadınların özveriyle gösterdikleri başarıları yansıtılarak iş dünyasına olan katkıları vurgulanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, Nurten Öztürk'ün OPET’teki liderliği incelenmiştir. Öztürk'ün kariyerinin, deneyimlerinin ve öncülük ettiği projelerin kadınların iş dünyasındaki potansiyelini ortaya çıkarmak için güçlü bir örnek oluşturduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Öztürk, OPET'te görevini icra ederken karşılaştığı zorlukları aşarak kadınların liderlikteki rolünü öne çıkarmaya çalışmış ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini sağlamak için çaba sarf etmiştir. Nurten Öztürk tarafından planlanan "Kadın Gücü" projesinde kadın istihdamının artırılması ve toplumsal bir farkındalık oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir. Bu nedenle, kadın ve erkek cinsiyet rollerinin iş dünyasındaki dinamiklerini konu alan makaleler, dergiler ve kitaplar incelenmiştir. Nurten Öztürk ile röportaj yapılmıştır.
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Konya-Ereğli Sümerbank (1937-1997)
(Bilkent University, 2020) Çete, Melis Özge; Albuz, Gizem Tuba; Keser, Ceyda; Altıner, Zeynep; Canan, Fatih Emre
Zorlu savaş şartlarının ardından kurulan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti hedefini ekonomik bağımsızlık ve modernleşme olarak belirlemiştir. Bu doğrultuda milli egemenliğin temelinin ekonomiye dayandırılmasıyla sanayi alanında birçok yatırım yapılmıştır. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’ün öncülüğünde kurulan birçok fabrika arasında Sümerbank fabrikaları da yerini almıştır. Sanayileşme yolunda ilerlemek amacıyla Sümerbank Ereğli Dokuma Fabrikası kurulmuştur. 1937 ile 1997 yılları arasında faaliyet gösteren bu fabrika şehrin ekonomik, endüstriyel ve sosyo-kültürel alanlarda gelişimine katkıda bulunmuştur. Sanayinin gelişmesi ile rekabet ortamına ayak uyduramayan Sümerbank genelinde özelleştirilmeye gidilmiştir. Sümerbank Ereğli Dokuma Fabrikası ise 1997 yılında özelleştirilmiştir
Open Access
Modelling the relationship between productivity, employment and wages in Turkish small and medium sized enterprises,1981-1998
(2001) Demirel, Görkemli
This thesis analyzes the empirical relationship between wages and productivity as well as the relationship between wages and employment in Turkish manufacturing industry. Unlike the previous studies done for manufacturing industry, in this study the size definitions of manufacturing industry, sectoral distribution and the sectoral division between public and private sector are considered. In the empirical part of the thesis, first wage and productivity and wage and employment relationships are estimated by using OLS method. After finding out both wage-productivity and wage-employment relationships are significant, descriptive growth rate comparisons are made for the period of 1981-1998. The main conclusion that emerges from both analyses is that relationship between variables of interest is valid. Wages, productivity and employment relationship have important policy implications regarding especially on Turkish small and medium sized enterprises.
Open Access
On‐the-job specific training and efficient screening
(University of Chicago Press, 2000) Bac, M.
Employment relationships are governed by short‐term incomplete contracts and typically involve on‐the-job screening and firm‐specific training. This article studies a dynamic employment relationship with these features and identifies a potential conflict between the employer's twin objectives to screen and train the worker: when the training technology is quite productive, the employer may have to sacrifice from worker performance during the screening process. The article thus offers an explanation for why firms may invest suboptimally on training, which complements the standard “inappropriable rents” explanation based on ex post mobility of young employees.
Open Access
Output-employment relationship across sectors: A long-versus short-run perspective
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2015) Şahin, A.; Tansel, A.; Berument, Hakan
This paper investigates the nature of the output-employment relationship by using the Turkish quarterly data for the period 1988-2008. Even if we fail to find a long-run relationship between aggregate output and total employment, there are long-run relationships for the aggregate output with non-agricultural employment and sectoral employment levels for seven of nine sectors that we consider. However, a further investigation for the output and employment relationship within a short-run perspective does not reveal statistically significant relationships for either total employment or non-agriculture employment, or eight of the nine sectors that we consider. Although there are various long-run relationships between output and employment, the short-run links between demand and employment are weak. The various implications of this for the economy and the labour market are discussed. As a result, maintaining high levels of output in the long-run creating demand is essential for employment generation. © 2013 Board of Trustees of the Bulletin of Economic Research and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Open Access
Output-employment relationship across the employment status: evidence from Turkey
(Routledge, 2014) Şahin, A.; Tansel, A.; Berument, Hakan
This paper investigates output-employment relationships across different employment statuses and formal versus informal employment divisions for Turkey. Even if we fail to find a long-run relationship between aggregate output and total employment, there are long-run relationships between the aggregate output with all of the formal employment statuses. A further investigation for short-run relationships reveals no statistically significant relationships between aggregate output and total employment and between aggregate output and casual employment but there is a significant short-run relationship between aggregate output and total regular employment. Thus, a sustainable economic growth policy should aim to create formal and regular employment. © 2013 Taylor & Francis.
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Reviews of Books; Women's Quest for Economic Equality by Victor R. Fuchs
(1989) England, Paula
Open Access
The right to work in international labor law and the case of Turkey
(2017-04) Kılıçkaya Kapanoğlu, Güldane Zeynep
The right to work is an internationally recognized social human right. Due to its pivotal position in the lives of the individuals and at the same time being vulnerable against possible exploitative actions, work is adopted as a realm that requires special protection. The source of this protection reaches further into the international human rights instruments, which set the minimum standards concerning the rights and principles deriving from work. Accordingly, the right to work is commonly situated at the top of the list of economic and social rights within such international instruments. Nonetheless, it is observed that there is not a clear adopted definition of the right to work. A number of characteristics and functions are bestowed on the right to work, albeit the absence of clear borders to identify the right. In particular, the right to work is mostly referred to in terms of its instrumental character as ensuring the enjoyment of other economic and social rights. The objective of this dissertation is to provide a liberal definition of the right to work that not only adopts the interests it protects as a social human right, but also satisfies the contemporary trends and notions. It further analyzes the conformity of the Turkish law with the international principles on the right to work and how it correlates to the definition proposed in the dissertation.
Open Access
The effects of covid -19 pandemic on employment of older workers
(2023-06) İplikçi, Çağla
Turkey is one of the many countries where the Covid-19 outbreak burst. The Covid-19 pandemic has deeply affected human life in many aspects, including the economy, in the whole world. One of the most affected groups by the pandemic has been the older population due to both health-related concerns and the difficulties of transitioning to the remote working system brought by the pandemic. In this thesis, I analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the employment of older workers, using the Turkish Statistical Institute's Labor Force Statistics Micro Data Set for the years 2014 and 2021. In this study, I examine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on employment through the retirement, quit, and dismissal variables. The retirement and quit variables represent the labor supply, and the dismissal variable represents the labor demand. While the findings of this study show that the Covid-19 pandemic decreased the employment rate of females and males in 2020, it suggests evidence that this decrease is higher for women than men. I also find evidence suggesting that Covid-19 has heterogeneous effects on employment by education levels and the sector in which the individual works, as well as gender.
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Türk eğitim sisteminde: Matfen Eğitim Kurumları
(Bilkent University, 2019) Ekiz, İsmail Kaan; Nazikioğlu, Işık; Tortop, Tevfik Eren; Ünal, Cem Berker
Araştırmanın konusu Türk Eğitim Sisteminde Maften Eğitim Kurumlarıdır. Bu araştırmayla, şu anki ismiyle Matfen Eğitim Kurumları’nın (Önceki adı Matfen Dershaneleri idi.) Türk Eğitim Sistemi’nin dinamizmine karşı nasıl statik bir yapıya sahip olduğu irdelenecektir. Araştırma, kurumun tarihinde önemli değişikliklerin olduğu dört tarih (1982, 1993, 2004 ve 2019) üzerinden bölümlere ayrılmıştır.