Browsing by Subject "Early Bronze Age"

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    Early bronze age daggers in Central Anatolia
    (2012) Arcan, Burak
    The rapid development of metal technologies in the Early Bronze Age had played an important part in the “urbanization” of Anatolia. Daggers were the first and the most common metallurgical products in this new chapter of human history. The morphology (typology), chronology and the distribution of the Early Bronze Age daggers will offer evidence for the regional and the interregional interactions of Central Anatolia. The cultural context of daggers and the associated material presented support the conclusion that Central Anatolia formed a cohesive cultural sphere which is reflected in dagger typologies.
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    Early Bronze Age metalwork in Central Anatolia – an archaeometric view from the hamlet
    (Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2014) Zimmermann, T.; Geniş, E. Y.
    The following contribution discusses the results of spectroscopic analyses carried out on metal artefacts from the Early Bronze Age cemetery of Kalınkaya- Toptaştepe in central Anatolia. Given that archaeometric data from 3rd- millennium BCE Central Anatolia are still quite sparse, tend to stem mainly from earlier central places, and the assemblages from village sites have so far remained largely unexplored, the study we present here is primarily intended to draw much needed attention to the data that are available. Copper-arsenic alloys exist alongside ‘true’ bronzes (copper-tin alloys), and contamination, for example by nickel, can yield much information about specific deposits. The results obtained provide good insights into the use of metals and traditional alloying techniques on a minor settlement at the end of the Anatolian Early Bronze Age.
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    Limestone round graves in Early Bronze Age central Anatolia-Isolated phenomenon or Caucasian-Middle Asian inheritance?
    (2008) Zimmermann, T.
    The article discusses an insufficiently appraised burial type from late Early Bronze Age Anatolia (second half 3rd millennium B.C.). Until recently, circular limestone graves with a central separation wall dividing the interior into two compartments were only attested to the Early Bronze Age levels of Kültepe, district of Kayseri. An intramural triple inhumation, buried in an identically constructed silo-type limestone grave at Kalinkaya, Alaca, district of Çorum, now widens their distribution. However, round domestic dwellings, considered an intrusive element in the Anatolian Early Bronze Age, are known from several Anatolian and Eastern Turkish sites. Furthermore, in neighboring Transcaucasia, round domestic dwellings at Kuro-Araxes sites display similar central separation walls, as attested at the funeral monuments of Kültepe and Kalinkaya. Therefore an initial use of these features as secular structures prior to their transformation into funeral monuments is proposed. Moreover, these phenomena are interpreted as a new facet in connection with the spread of »Transcaucasian« culture into Anatolia, as has been traditionally attested to by the distribution of »Transcaucasian« ceramic wares and metallurgical innovations as their main diagnostic features.
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    Priesterkönigs-schmiedemeister? Zur (un)sichtbarkeit von metallhandwerkern im grabritus der anatolischen frühbronzezeit
    (Slovak Academy of Sciences, Archaeological Institute, 2021) Zimmermann, Thomas
    This article discusses the visibility of founders or metal craftsmen in the graves of Early Bronze Age Anatolia (ca. 3000–1950 BC). The examination of relevant burials from the 3rd millennium BC cemeteries in Central and Western Turkey did not produce any assemblages containing diagnostic items like crucibles, cushion stones or other casting equipment, which is noteworthy given the abundance of metalworking features from domestic Early Bronze Age contexts. ‘Showcase’ inventories from Troia or Alaca Höyük, although said to contain metallurgical items, in fact do not support this peculiar type of burial group, which at present seems not to occur in Anatolia.
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    Relating architecture to social complexity in the early Bronze Age : Southeastern Anatolia
    (2001) Keskin, Azer
    The relationship of architecture to social complexity is a subject that is often pronounced. This thesis aims to study how architecture relates to social complexity for a particular period and place: for the Early Bronze Age in Southeastern Anatolia. Three sites in the region, Titriş, Kurban, and Lidar are chosen as the case study for this purpose. The sites are studied through an analysis of architectural features, such as planning, access and circulation patterns, and boundary control, in order to understand the nature and degree of complexity. In addition to architecture, burials are studied as indicators of social complexity to provide an independent set of data. Differentiation in size, type, and wealth of the burials are among the main criteria used to evaluate complexity. Other archaeological information, such as seals, pottery, and figurines are also used when necessary and relevant. The results of the study of the burials are then compared to results of the architectural analysis, in order to articulate in what ways they relate. As a conclusion, it is observed that architectural complexity parallels social complexity in all three sites. This conclusion is also confirmed by the instances of the two other sites studied as comparanda: the Ubaid settlement of Değirmentepe in Anatolia as a contrasting case and the Early Bronze Age settlement of Tell Taya in Iraq as a conforming one.
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    Symbols of salvation? – function, semantics and social context of Early Bronze Age ritual equipment from Central Anatolia
    (Trnavska Univerzita * Filozoficka Fakulta, 2007) Zimmermann, T.
    The following contribution re-evaluates some well known metal items from the central Ana-tolian Early Bronze Age, commonly referred to as “ceremonial standards” or “sistra”. The enormous popularity and even over-familiarity of these extraordinary objects needs to be contrasted with what we actually know about their original function, social context and eventual role as elaborate funerary gis. This paper therefore aims to critically reappraise and re-evaluate the numerous contributions made on this maer in order to discuss their function and/or cultural aliation, and in doing so propose some further considerations regarding their actual meaning and social context in the light of recent research.
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    Toward an understanding of the exchange in ancient scented oils through organic residue analysis of Bronze Age Near Eastern ceramic bottles by GC-MS
    (John Wiley & Sons, 2023-08-01) Tarhan, İ.; Massa, Michele; Türkteki, M.; Türkteki, S.
    This paper presents a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) organic residue analysis (ORA) of samples extracted from five Early Bronze Age ceramic bottles excavated at the archaeological site of Küllüoba in Anatolia (modern Turkey), and the first attempt at directly analysing the content of this category of products. Our results show that various types of liquid have been contained in different bottles and identify the presence of dicarboxylic and oleic acids with a large amount of palmitic acid in most samples, suggesting that they may have mostly contained a plant-based oil. The presence of diterpenoids further shows the addition of ingredients such as conifer resin and other plant-derived products. Overall, the analytical results presented here indicate the exchange of scented oils in Anatolia already during the late third millennium BCE. The different organic residue profiles contained in different samples also suggest a range of different recipes for these products.