Browsing by Subject "Developing world"
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Item Open Access Determinants of workers' remittances: Turkish evidence from high-frequency data(Routledge, 2006) Alper, A. M.; Neyapti, B.The potential importance of workers remittances (WR) as a relatively stable source of foreign exchange has been growing across the world. We present time-series evidence on the determinants of WR in a large developing country, Turkey. Using yearly data, Aydas et al. (2005) show that WR flows to Turkey are significantly influenced by the growth rate of the home gross domestic product (GDP); the level of GDP in both home and host countries; interest rate differentials between home and host countries; the black market exchange rate; inflation; and political stability. This study utilizes higher-frequency data to further investigate the issue from both long-term and short-term perspectives. The new evidence supports the earlier findings regarding the long-run investment motive, but it also shows that consumption smoothing is an effective short-run motive for sending remittances to Turkey. © 2006 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved.Item Open Access Gender roles and the education gender gap in Turkey(Springer, 2016) Caner, A.; Guven, C.; Okten, C.; Sakalli, S. O.Using nationally representative data on individual subjective views on gender roles, we examine the gender gap in educational achievement in Turkey and show that the cultural bias against the education of girls is a fundamental factor behind their low educational attainment in socially conservative societies. The 1997 education reform in Turkey extended compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years. Using the reform as a natural experiment, we investigate the impact of the reform on the effects of mothers’ traditional views in determining children’s educational attainment. We find that the reform helped reduce school dropout rates across the country. Nevertheless, regardless of the mother’s view on gender roles, the reductions in school dropout rates were similar for boys and girls, failing to eliminate the gender gap against girls. Turkey is an excellent environment to study the effects of societal gender roles since it combines modernity with traditionalism and displays a wide spectrum of views on gender roles. It is also one of the few developing countries where a gender gap to the detriment of females still exists in educational achievement. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. All Right Reserved.Item Open Access Governments vs states: decoding dual governance in the developing world(Routledge, 2010) Aydinli, E.This article begins by questioning the transferability of Western conceptualisations of the 'state' to the developing world, particularly to those areas in which security concerns are extreme. It proposes that the complicated relationship between security and political liberalisation produces a reform- security dilemma, which in turn may result in dual-governance structures consisting of an autonomous 'state' bureaucracy and a relatively newer, political 'government'. The dynamics of such a duality are explored through a longitudinal comparison of two critical cases: Iran and Turkey. Both cases reveal evidence of the 'state' and 'government' as distinct bodies, emerging over time in response to conflicting pressures for security and liberalisation. While the Iranian case remains entrenched in a static duality with an advantaged 'state', the Turkish case provides optimism that, under certain conditions, an eventual subordination of the state to the political government can take place.Item Open Access Inflation targeting, employment creation and economic development: assessing the impacts and policy alternatives(Routledge, 2008) Epstein, G.; Yeldan, E.Inflation targeting (IT) has recently become the dominant monetary policy prescription for both developing and industrialized countries alike. Emerging market governments, in particular, are increasingly pressured to follow IT as part of their International Monetary Fund (IMF)-led stabilization packages and the routine rating procedures of the international finance institutions. However, the common expectation of IT promoters that price stability would ultimately lead to higher employment and sustained growth has failed to materialize. Generally, the current growth patterns of the world economy are too concentrated and uneven to generate sufficient capital investment and reduce unemployment. To contribute to the task of designing a more socially desirable macroeconomic policy environment, we offer concrete country case studies that devise viable alternatives to inflation targeting central bank policies in order to promote employment, sustained growth and improved income distribution.Item Open Access Inflation uncertainty and interest rates: Is the Fisher relation universal?(Routledge, 2007) Berument, Hakan; Ceylan, N. B.; Olgun, H.This paper tests the validity of the Fisher hypothesis, which establishes a positive relation between interest rates and expected inflation, for the G7 countries and 45 developing economies. For this purpose, we estimate a version of the GARCH specification of the hypothesis for all countries included in the sample. We also test the augmented Fisher relation by including the inflation uncertainty in the equation. The simple Fisher relation holds in all G7 countries but in only 23 developing countries. There is a positive and statistically significant relationship between interest rates and inflation uncertainty for six of the G7 and 18 of the developing countries and this relationship is negative for seven developing countries.Item Open Access Intermediation spread, bank supervision, and financial stability(World Scientific Publishing, 2010) Özyıldırım, SüheylaThis paper models the effect of bank competition and deposit insurance premiums on the spread between lending and deposit rates. In developing economies, low spreads do not always indicate bank efficiency; they may be the result of high risk taking. This paper shows that imposing upper and lower limits on banks' spreads and adjusting deposit insurance premiums when violation of these limits occurs leads to a more stable but relatively large intermediation costs. In developing economies, such an outcome would be considered more desirable because it insulates existing financial intermediaries and investors against macroeconomic disturbances.Item Open Access Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries(Pergamon Press, 2000-12) Tosun, C.This study deals with a normative concept of participatory development approach, which originates in the developed world. In particular, it analyses and explains the limitations to the participatory tourism development approach in the context of developing countries. It was found that there are operational, structural and cultural limits to community participation in the TDP in many developing countries although they do not equally exist in every tourist destination. Moreover, while these limits tend to exhibit higher intensity and greater persistence in the developing world than in the developed world, they appear to be a reflection of prevailing socio-political, economic and cultural structure in many developing countries. On the other hand, it was also found that although these limitations may vary over time according to types, scale and levels of tourism development, the market served, and cultural attributes of local communities, forms and scale of tourism developed are beyond the control of local communities. It concludes that formulating and implementing the participatory tourism development approach requires a total change in socio-political, legal, administrative and economic structure of many developing countries, for which hard political choices and logical decisions based on cumbersome social, economic and environmental trade-offs are sine qua non alongside deliberate help, collaboration and co-operation of major international donor agencies, NGOs, international tour operators and multinational companies. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Item Open Access Item Open Access Market cycles, power politics and the latest North – South energy trade conflict(Routledge, 2007) Williams, P. A.Energy trade periodically aligns Northern importing - consuming countries against predominantly Southern producing - exporting countries. Conflict appears to follow a cyclical pattern, whereby Northern firms invest in developing Third World hydrocarbon resources to meet consumer demand until market conditions enable unilateral efforts by host sovereigns to augment fiscal take and ownership share and to impose output restrictions, thereby elevating prices and revenues. Although markets eventually correct themselves, major consuming-country governments, to the extent that seller's markets attributable to exporter actions harm short-term consumer welfare and alternative options for restoring buyer's markets are lacking, have varying incentives to support military intervention. Shifting market conditions and power balances suggest six ideal-typical energy trade conflict strategies. Finally, to the extent that exporting states succeed in converting higher hydrocarbon revenues into energy-intensive economic growth, co-operative phases within this conflict pattern could yield to increasingly zero-sum inter-consumer rivalry.Item Open Access Market reaction to risky banks: did generous deposit guarantee change it?(Pergamon Press, 2008) Önder, Z.; Özyildirim, S.Turkey experienced a massive banking crisis in February 2001, resulting in the loss of more than a thousand managerial jobs and the closure of 21% of all bank branches in the market. In this paper, we study the behavior of the market and the banks in Turkey before the crisis, from 1988 to 2000, which includes the period of full deposit insurance. The empirical results showed that not only depositors but also borrowers reacted negatively to risky banks and punished them even more during the period of generous government guarantee. However, in the same period, banks were found to increase their moral hazard behavior significantly. Although the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank recommend explicit deposit insurance for developing countries, the findings of this paper suggest that deposit insurance may not be an effective policy tool to improve market confidence, and it does not guarantee a stable economic environment even when the market reacts negatively to the moral hazard behavior of banks.Item Open Access Understanding the BRICS framing of climate change: The role of collective identity formation(SAGE, 2022) Kıprızlı, Göktuğ; Kostem, SeçkinThis article explores how the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) frame the issue of climate change. Based on constructivist insights, the article argues that the formation of collective identity has fundamentally shaped the BRICS framing of climate change. On the one hand, BRICS0 connections to the developing world explain why BRICS has given voice to the arguments of developing countries with respect to climate change. On the other hand, BRICS0 policy concepts, ideas, and discourse reflect the attributes associated with the identity of emerging powers. This article argues that emerging power status encourages the BRICS states to portray themselves as responsible actors on the global scale and conceptualize a climatesensitive economic development model in contrast to the Western production paradigm that is regarded as unsympathetic towards the needs of developing nations. In this process, the perception of the developed world as the relational other supports the sense of we-ness among the BRICS states, thereby shaping their policy formulations with respect to climate change.Item Open Access Urban development process of built environments in metropolitan areas in Turkey: case study of angora settlement, Ankara(American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012) Balta, M. T.; Tekel, A; Tekel, H. T.The built environments of metropolitan areas are rapidly changing in response to urban development dynamics. The nature of the urban built environment continues to be influenced by the conflicting interests and expectations of various entities involved in the process of development planning and implementation. The formulation and implementation of urban development plans in Turkey is guided by the statutory provisions of the country's planning system. This process has led to piecemeal implementation through partial plans and plan amendments in metropolitan areas. This article attempts to determine how the private sector in metropoles in Turkey shaped the built environment in Turkey after 1980. Influence of neo-liberal policies and a partial planning approach set by a free-market economy instead of a comprehensive planning approach shaped urban space. As a capital, the urban development of Ankara has mostly been shaped by partial planning approaches and implementations and uncontrolled developments, especially on the southwest axis of the city's metropolitan area. For this reason, one of the largest settlement of southwest Ankara is the Angora Settlement, which has been selected as the case study. Examining the entities who play a part in the urban development process is important to control its consequences. In this article, the case of Angora Settlement is used to question the planning process and entities in the development of urban built environments, and studies this settlement to identify and question which entities determine the components of the built environment in the urban development process. In particular, this paper captures the dominance of the structural interests of the private sector in shaping Angora's land use pattern, which is important because it reveals the uncontrolled growth dynamics in developing countries. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.