Browsing by Subject "Conditionality"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Open Access
Democracy, visa-waivers, and international mobility
(SpringerOpen, 2024-11-01) Altundal, U.; Zarplı, Ömer
In examining visa-waiver agreements, previous studies have primarily focused on economic motivations and effects. In this article, we explore the potential political motivations and consequences. Particularly, we propose that there is a positive relationship between visa-waivers and democracy. We test this using a global dataset that records bilateral travel visa requirements for all countries between 1973 and 2013. We find support for our main hypothesis. We also examine the relationship between democracy, visa waivers and economic development. Contrary to our expectations, we find that democracy continues to exert influence on visa waivers even at high levels of income. Non-democracies fail to attain visa waivers even when they are wealthy. Finally, we explore whether visa waivers could have an impact on individuals’ attitudes towards democracy. Using survey data from 18 Latin American countries, we find suggestive evidence that that visa-waivers can have a positive impact on individuals’ democratic attitudes. Taken together, the findings suggest that democracy and visa-waivers might have a mutually reinforcing relationship.
Open Access
International dimension of democratization: the impact of EU credibility on democratic consolidation of Turkey
(2008) Lüleci, Rüya
The European Union (EU) has been a decisive actor in Turkey’s long journey of democratization, and this is due to substantial impact of the EU democratic conditionality on Turkish reform process. However, whether this effect will be persistent or not, is depended on the existence of a credible EU approach towards Turkey. Slow down in Turkey’s democratic consolidation in the post- 2004 period due to increasingly sided and discriminatory approaches of the EU as regards to Turkey’s accession process is an indicator of this fact. In this respect, analyzing three different period (pre- 1999, 1999-2004 and post- 2004) of EU-Turkey relations, the thesis investigates how the variance in the credibility of the EU conditionality affects the variance in the speed and quality of democratic consolidation in Turkey.
Open Access
Policy diffusion between the World Bank and Turkey: the social risk mitigation project
(2020-12) Geboloğlu, Aram Yunus
Turkey adopted the Social Risk Mitigation Project (the SRMP) in 2001 with the incentives of the World Bank (the WB) to recover the effects of the 1999 earthquake and 2001 financial crisis on the poor. This thesis aims to indicate how conditionality, learning, and emulation as policy diffusion mechanisms operated together in the adoption process of the SRMP in Turkey. Policy diffusion literature generally tests these mechanisms individually to explore whether or not they cause policy adoptions. However, this thesis argues that diffusion mechanisms might be interrelated and work in complementary ways in policy adoptions. The Turkish case supports this argument by relying on process tracing methodology with semi-structured interview data and official documents. I argue that, during the adoption process of the SRMP, conditionality serves as a facilitator to adopt the project due to the financing by the WB. The WB, in the meanwhile, serves as a link establisher between Turkey and Latin American countries in the learning process regarding the possible outcomes of the project in addition to financing it. Emulation operates together with conditionality and learning with the emphasis on the prestige of the project among the international community due to the modernization of the social assistance institutions of Turkey. Both Turkish officials and the WB consider the adoption of the project as a prestigious and appropriate attitude.