Browsing by Subject "Compulsory schooling"

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Open Access
Compulsory schooling reform and intimate partner violence in Turkey
(Elsevier, 2022-11) Akyol, Pelin; Kırdar, M. G.
We examine how Turkey's 1997 compulsory schooling policy affects intimate partner violence (IPV) using the 2008 and 2014 Turkish National Survey of Domestic Violence Against Women and regression discontinuity design. We find conclusive evidence that the policy reduces physical violence against rural women, whereas this evidence is suggestive for the sample of all women. For the urban sample, we reveal large negative, but statistically insignificant, effects on sexual violence and partners preventing women from working. We find null policy effects on psychological violence for the sample of all women. The policy appears to have been protective against IPV for women overall. In addition, we show that the policy effects are realized through changing partner characteristics as well as women's increased schooling. Our results contradict previous evidence for Turkey, and we demonstrate that the previous evidence misclassifies two key variables.
Open Access
Essays on the effects of compulsory schooling: education, labor market, and time use outcomes
(2021-08) Akar, Betül
This thesis consists of four essays on the effects of the compulsory schooling reform, which extends the mandatory years of schooling from five to eight years in 1997 in Turkey. The first essay utilizes the exogenous education reform as an instrument for the educational attainment to investigate the causal effects of education on voluntary work. The reform increases the education levels of individuals significantly, and increased education of compliers has a negative but insignificant causal impact on the probability and hours of voluntary work for men. The second essay investigates the impact of increased education, due to the exogenous education reform which extended mandatory secular education by three years, on time spent in religious activities. For women, increased education has a negative causal impact on the allocation of time to religious activities; however, for males, there are no significant effects of education on time spent in religious activities. The third essay examines the impact of the extension of mandatory education on mothers’ time spent in early childhood care. The compulsory education reform increases mothers’ completion of at least compulsory years of schooling. However, it has no significant effect on the primary components of early childhood education, namely time spent in reading to children, playing with children, and talking to children. The forth essay investigates the impact of the reform on the ethnic gap in educational and labor market outcomes between two ethnic groups in Turkey. For females, the reform widens the ethnic gap in the educational outcomes but has no impact on the ethnic gap in the labor market outcomes. On the other hand, for males, it has no impact on the ethnic disparities in the educational attainment but widens the disparities in the labor market outcomes.
Open Access
Gender Gap in Intergenerational Educational Persistence: Can Compulsory Schooling Reduce It?
(2022-09-14) Demirel-Derebasoglu, M.; Okten, Cagla
We analyze the impact of an increase in compulsory schooling policy on the gender gap in intergenerational educational persistence using the nationally representative Turkish Adult Education Survey. Prior to the reform, there is a gender gap in the association of parents’ educational attainment with their ofspring’s. Daughters’ educational attainment is more dependent on their parents’ education background. We show that the education reform that increased compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years reduced the impact of parental education on completion of new compulsory schooling (8 years) and post-compulsory schooling (high school) for both sons and daughters. The gender gap in intergenerational education transmission has decreased by about 5 percentage points in the completion of new compulsory schooling level but remains unchanged at the post-compulsory schooling level after the reform. Heterogeneous effects of the reform indicate that mandating additional years of education is an ineffective intervention in the eastern regions with poorer economic conditions, larger rural population, and more traditional gender views in reducing the gender gap in educational mobility, even at the compulsory level of education.
Open Access
Gender roles and the education gender gap in Turkey
(Springer, 2016) Caner, A.; Guven, C.; Okten, C.; Sakalli, S. O.
Using nationally representative data on individual subjective views on gender roles, we examine the gender gap in educational achievement in Turkey and show that the cultural bias against the education of girls is a fundamental factor behind their low educational attainment in socially conservative societies. The 1997 education reform in Turkey extended compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years. Using the reform as a natural experiment, we investigate the impact of the reform on the effects of mothers’ traditional views in determining children’s educational attainment. We find that the reform helped reduce school dropout rates across the country. Nevertheless, regardless of the mother’s view on gender roles, the reductions in school dropout rates were similar for boys and girls, failing to eliminate the gender gap against girls. Turkey is an excellent environment to study the effects of societal gender roles since it combines modernity with traditionalism and displays a wide spectrum of views on gender roles. It is also one of the few developing countries where a gender gap to the detriment of females still exists in educational achievement. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. All Right Reserved.
Open Access
Three essays on the effects of education policies on education and labor market outcomes in Turkey
(2022-09) Demirel, Merve
This thesis consists of three essays on the effects of two education policies on education and labor market outcomes in Turkey. The first essay examines the causal effects of the drastic expansion in Turkish higher education, which occurred in 2006-2008 with the establishment of new universities and increasing the educational opportunities both in the new and established universities, on the educational attainment disadvantage of women in higher education. The expansion increases the attainment rates of both genders but does not significantly reduce the gender gap after controlling for the time trends. Studying the mechanisms shows that the expansion in social sciences, which constitutes more than half of the additional slots, benefited men and women evenly; but the expansion in engineering, about 25% of additional slots, benefited men more. The second essay investigates the causal impact of the same expansion policy in higher education on college wage premium in Turkey. The expansion increases the share of college graduates significantly and decreases the college wage premium for young men exposed to the policy. The expansion has lower but significant adverse effects on older age groups, whose human capital accumulation is not affected by the expansion policy. This result provides causal evidence that the increase in the supply of skilled workers reduces the wage advantages enjoyed by these workers. The third essay analyzes the impact of extending mandatory years of schooling from 5 to 8 years in 1997 on the gender gap in intergenerational educational persistence. Prior to the reform, there was a gender gap in the association of parents’ educational attainment with their offspring’s. Daughters’ educational attainment is more dependent on their parents’ educational background. The education reform reduces the impact of parental education on the completion of new compulsory schooling (8 years) and post-compulsory schooling (high school) for both sons and daughters. The gender gap in intergenerational education transmission decreases in the completion of new compulsory schooling level but remains unchanged at the post-compulsory schooling level after the reform.