Browsing by Subject "Cold War."

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Open Access
American Turkish relations 1945-1960 : the roots of a long-term alliance
(2003) Arıoğul, İpek
The United States and Turkey made an important alliance during the early Cold War and their alliance had an important role in the course of the Cold War. By the end of World War II, the United States felt the need to contain the Communist expansion led by the Soviet Union since it posed a threat to the American economic and security interests. On the other hand, the Soviet Union threatened Turkey’s territorial integrity denouncing the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, dated November 17,1925. Turkey also needed economic aid to overcome its serious economic problems that increased by the end of the war. In the face of the common threat, Turkey and the United States formed an alliance, which would continue throughout the Cold War and has stretched until today. The 1950s has often been referred as the “golden age” of American-Turkish relations, however, it witnessed some disagreements and problems between the two countries, which damaged their relationship to some extent and formed the basis of their greater problems in the period after 1960. This is a chronological study, which aims to illuminate the history of AmericanTurkish relations between 1945-1960, using U.S. government documents, journal articles, memoirs and secondary sources when necessary. The material is organized chronologically into three parts: the early American-Turkish relations by the end of World War II; the period between the Truman Doctrine and Turkey’s entry into NATO; and finally the American-Turkish relations during the Eisenhower Presidency.
Open Access
The birth of anti-Soviet image in the Turkish press following the Second World War and its reflections after the death of Stalin (1953-1964)
(2008) Çağdaş, Nazım Arda
This study aims to analyze the construction of the anti-Soviet sentiment in the Turkish press at the beginning of the Cold War, and its evolution during the period from the death of Stalin in 1953 until the ouster of Khrushchev in 1964. After an assessment of the antagonism towards Russia in the Turkish public before 1945, the immense rise of anti-Sovietism in the Turkish press during the Straits of the Crisis between the Soviet Union and Turkey will be analyzed. The long term influence of anti-Soviet stance during the crisis, which was also reflected to the quarrel between Tan and Tanin newspapers in 1945, over the period 1953–1964 will be examined. Three main issues will be analyzed: The iv influence of the Turkish governments over the press in terms of the construction of a negative Soviet image will be questioned. The anti-Soviet stance among the Turkish journalists apart from the state influence will be assessed. The reasons for the relaxation of anti-Sovietism up to 1960s will be analyzed. In this context, the general tendency of the Turkish press will be examined with regard to the examples from the anti-Soviet content from eight prominent newspapers of that period. Primarily Ulus, as the official press organ of the Republican People’s Party; and Zafer, as the semi-official press organ of the Democratic Party; and six independent newspapers, Akşam, Cumhuriyet, Dünya, Hürriyet, Milliyet, and Vatan will be surveyed in terms of their anti-Soviet content. The prominent journalists in these newspapers will be also emphasized to observe the individual anti-Soviet perspectives in the press. The changing attitudes in the press will be assessed with regard to the developments in the Cold War.
Open Access
Costs and benefits to Turkey in its relations with the United States : the Cold War and after
(2003) Buyruk, Ö. Bora
Turkey’s relations with the United States have always been a diagnostic element not only for its foreign policy but also its economic and sociological structure. As a global power, the US has always interested in the region from Eurasia to the Middle East, which inevitably highlight Turco-American relations. This thesis is a product of the idea, which gives importance to analyze the key issues in Turco-American relations in order to ferret out costs and benefits of Turkish side from its relations with the US. It probably gives us to chance to see alterations in relations and evaluate Turkish foreign policy vision in the long run. “Indefiniteness” can be accepted as the nature of the global environment of the post Cold War which has appeared specifically in the aftermath of September 11 terrorist attacks. So, following developments in Turkey’s region indicates that there is need to evaluate Turkish position in its relations with the US. This reevaluation period should not only comprise strategic, economic and political relations in Turco-American relations but also some cliché concepts like “strategic partnership”, “dependency”, “global power” and so on. This is why this thesis is analyzing Turco-American relations into two sections; the Cold War and the post Cold War Eras, because it aims to extract and underline in which ways this bilateral relation has changed with changing conjectures, which probably enlighten us about the near future of the relations. Therefore, it is possible to think that this thesis is an attempt to highlight the important linkage between an “established” or “weak” foreign policy and its possible reflections on the state’s international statisko in more general meaning.
Open Access
The policy of Eisenhower administration towards Turkey , 1953-1961
(2004) Tokatlı, Fatih
This thesis analyzes the objectives, implementation and outcomes as well as making of the policy of Eisenhower Administration toward Turkey between 1953 and 1961. Specific emphasis was placed on newly declassified U.S. primary sources. During the research phase. The policy of Eisenhower Administration toward Turkey was shaped within the confines of Eisenhower’s overall concept of ensuring a balanced budget while putting emphasis on the use of nuclear weapons, a concept which aimed at winning the Cold War in the long run without exhausting the American economy. This concept coupled with the sensitivity of the Republicans about balanced budget and their economic understanding, led to disagreements with Turkey, which was implementing a very ambitious development programs both in the military and economic fields and which was looking to the United States for the primary source of funding. In the eight-year-period of the Eisenhower Administration, an almost perfect cooperation was sustained between the two countries in the military and political fields, while the endless requests for aid by Turkey and the perceived failure of Turkey to stabilize its economy created tensions in the relationship.
Open Access
Security in the Third World
(2004) Özgediz, Gülden
This thesis traces the development of thinking about security in the Third World from its Cold War past to its post-Cold War present. For this purpose, it examines three main approaches (traditional. Third World and critical) to the study of security in the Third World. It begins with a critical overview of political realism-based traditional (Cold War) approaches to security which treated Third World security problems as a mere extension of the superpower rivalry and shows how this served to marginalize the security concerns of Third World states and peoples. Next, it examines the contributions of Third World security scholars whose studies challenged the reductionist understanding. Western-centric character and militaryfocus of traditional approaches by theorizing security. Thirdly, the thesis examines the criticisms directed at Third World approaches by the students of critical security. Drawing upon the works of critical security scholars, the thesis argues that security should be conceptualized in a way that perceives the state as a means of security and gives primacy to the security needs of individuals and social groups. It concludes by imderlining the importance of recognizing specific historical, social and political conditions of different contexts while adopting a global perspective for the academic study of security in the Third World.
Open Access
Turkısh-American relations (1945-1980) : quest for security and adapting to change
(2007) Pakel, Aykın Berk
This thesis aims to elaborate on Turkish-American relations between 1945 and 1980. It attempts to give an account of the major developments and trends in the relations between the two countries in the selected timeframe. It purports to find out the domestic and international economic, political and military factors and developments that were instrumental in the constitution of a close partnership between the two countries and in the alienation and partial disengagement that were observed in the relationship as of the mid-1960s.
Open Access
Ufuk : how the US information agency molded Turkish elite opinion, 1960-1980
(2014) Feyzullahoğlu, Burcu
This study argues that the United States Information Agency carried out an intense public diplomacy program in Turkey between 1960 and 1980 in order to ameliorate the U.S. image among the Turkish urban elite, especially among the members of the Republican People’s Party and thus to prevent Turkey from having closer relations with the USSR. For this purpose, the study contains a close reading of the USIA propaganda material targeting this small but influential group, namely Ufuk Magazine and uncovers the image that the USIA aimed to create in order “to win hearts and minds” of the RPP members, members of Turkish Foreign Ministry of the time, academics and journalists in a period of Cold War where the peripheries rather than Europe became the target of the U.S. public diplomacy efforts.