Browsing by Subject "China"

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Open Access
China in Central Asia: opportunities and risks of emerging Chinese hegemony for regional states
(2022-06) Çakan, Hikmet Can
This thesis aims to analyze the opportunities and risks of the emerging Chinese hegemony in Central Asia for the five regional states namely Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan with a special focus on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The Chinese hegemony in the region is a novel and ongoing process that is a consequence of the interplay between three necessary but not sufficient factors that are China’s rise, absence of other great powers, and Central Asian needs. Framing the opportunities and risks in three main categories of politics, economy, and security, this thesis argues that closer political economic partnership with China in its current hegemonic fashion benefit Central Asian republics in the short-run while it bears significant risks in the long-run. In each category, this thesis offers analyses of a wide array of issues that are either present on the ground or have high likelihood to emerge in the near future. The opportunities range from multivector foreign policy to development finance while the risks include social unrest, trade asymmetry, and militarization of the BRI.
Open Access
China in Denmark the transmission of Chinese art and architecture from the view of Jørn Utzon’s Danish socio-cultural background
(SINTEF Academic Press, 2017) Chen-Yu, C.; Goad, P.; Myers, P.
Danish architect Jørn Utzon’s lifetime obsession with Chinese art and architecture is well known. However, why Utzon was interested in China and how he perceived Chinese art and architecture were not clearly explained in the previous studies. To answer the above questions with a better understanding of Utzon and his Danish socio-cultural background, the authors examines the experiences of the young Utzon and his connection with varied ideas and artefacts associated with China. The authors argue that the path leading to Utzon’s reception of Chinese art and architecture can be traced back to the intermittent three-hundred-year connection between China and Denmark generally, and the legacy of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in particular. Together, these represent an amalgamation that assimilated diverse aspects of China taken by different people before and during Utzon’s early career. This further provided Utzon with the impetus to construct his own understanding of Chinese art and architecture with his pivotal study trip to China in 1958. Thus, China could serve as both Utzon’s aesthetic inspiration and confirmation for his architectural works.
Open Access
Comparative analysis of managerial values in the USA and China
(Emerald Publishing, 2007) Capar, N.; Chinta, R.
Purpose – China, one of the fastest growing economies in the world, has become a major tradingpartner with the USA. However, trading with Chinese involves major cultural barriers. The Chineseand US cultures differ widely in their values, which produces different attitudes and behaviors. Thisstudy purports to add to the existent knowledge on the managerial values in the USA and China byempirically comparing and contrasting these values along several dimensions.Design/methodology/approach – This empirical investigation examines the differences inmanagerial values between US and Chinese managers through independent sample t-tests based onsurvey responses from 1,741 US and 982 Chinese managers.Findings – The ﬁndings indicate that signiﬁcant cultural differences exist between the two samples.Results show that US managers are more individualistic than their Chinese counterparts. Themanagerial values of the US sample are also characterized by lower power distance, uncertaintyavoidance, and work ethics than the Chinese sample.Practical implications – The ﬁndings provide support for the conventional wisdom regarding thedifferences between the US and Chinese cultures.Originality/value – The large sample sizes in the research study provide strong empirical supportto existent theory.
Open Access
A constructivist analysis on balancing : the impact of US war on terror on China and Russia
(2012) Sarı Karademir, Burcu
This dissertation provides a constructivist analysis of balancing under unipolarity by examining the question of how the US war on terror has influenced China’s and Russia’s tendency to balance against the United States. To answer this question, this dissertation looks at how China’s and Russia’s security understandings have evolved as a result of their bilateral relations with the US and US security practices in international relations since the end of the Cold War. It points out that China’s and Russia’s interactions with the US have produced micro-cultures in which rivalry over international status and insecurity have become dominant. The dissertation argues that China’s and Russia’s reactions to the US war on terror were shaped by their security understandings. It states that after a temporary betterment of relations with the US, both states’ concerns about their status in international relations were intensified after US unilateralism in the Iraq war. In addition, the dissertation points out that unipolarity exists in a Lockean culture at macro-structural level in which the US has the primary status empowering it to shape the norms of international relations. It stresses that as China and Russia want to play a role in the rule-making process and management of the international order, they are concerned by US status as the system-maker. The dissertation concludes that China and Russia might balance against the US due to the insecurities produced at macro and microstructural levels.
Open Access
The dark side of marital leadership: Evidence from China
(Elsevier BV, 2021-10) Yao, S.; Zhao, W.; Şensoy, Ahmet; Cheng, F.; Goodell, J. W.
Using a unique dataset of Chinese private firms, we find that marital leadership is associated with higher propensity for financial fraud. We examine the potential economic mechanisms that lead to this result, finding that weak internal supervision and inefficient decision-making provide crucial linkages between marital leadership and financial fraud. However, well-functioning corporate governance mechanisms reduce the negative effects of marital leadership. Our findings provide important empirical evidence for the effect of family involvement in corporate governance and contribute to the literature on the determinants of financial fraud in listed firms.
Open Access
Does control of rheumatic disease raise the standard of living in developing countries?
(2009) Wigley, R.; Chopra, A.; Wigley, S.; Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A.
[No abstract available]
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Doğu Türkistan'dan Salihli bölgesine göç eden kazakların göç süreçlerinin ve etkilerinin incelenmesi
(Bilkent University, 2020) Şahan, Hüseyin; Çakılmaz, Mısra Nur; Erdal, Ümit; Şahin, Yağmur Peri; Tekin, Doğancan
Kazaklar uzun yıllar boyu Altaylar’da yaşayan, cüzlerden oluşan bir topluluk veya gruptur. Kazakların 1940 yılı dolaylarında çeşitli nedenlerden ötürü ana vatanlarından Türkiye’ye ve dünyanın çeşitli yerlerine göç ettikleri bilinmektedir. Bu araştırmada Kazakların göç sebepleri, göç süreçleri, göçün kültür ve ekonomi alanındaki sonuçlarıyla Kazakların gittikleri bölgeler üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Türkiye’ye yerleşen Kazakların bir kısmı Salihli’de yaşamaktadır ve Salihli’ye yerleştikten sonra burada Salihli Kazak Türkleri Sosyal Dayanışma ve Kültür Derneği’ni kurmuşlardır. Bu araştırmada bu derneğin başkanı olan Şükrü Ali Eren’in ve Kazak kökenli Prof. Dr. Abdulvahap Kara’nın görüşlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Öte yandan gazete arşivleri, konu ile ilgili yazılmış makale ve kitaplar üzerinden de Kazakların bu göçünün süreçleri ve etkileri analiz edilmiştir.
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Doğu Türkistanlı öğrencilerin Türkiye’ye göçü
(Bilkent University, 2020) Dayar, Ali; Ekrem, Aykut Alp; Oğuz, Can; Erdim, S. Secdegül; İlhan, Ayşe Aslı
1990-2000 tarihleri arasında Uygur öğrencilerin Türkiye’ye yaptığı göçü ele alan bu araştırma, tarihsel arka planı değerlendirmek için göç sürecinin öncesine daha geniş bir perspektifle değinmektedir. Göç sürecinin başlangıcı, devamı ve bu olaylar dahilinde göçmenlerin yaşadıkları incelenecektir. Buna bağlı olarak, Türkiye’nin göç sürecindeki rolüne de ayrı bir bölüm altında yer verilecektir. Türkiye’deki Uygur diasporasının bazı önde gelenleriyle bu bağlamda röportajlar yapılmıştır.
Open Access
The dual transformation in development finance: western multilateral development banks and China in post-Soviet energy
(Routledge, 2021-09-27) Groce, M. S.; Köstem, Seçkin
The energy resources of Central Asia and the Caucasus have drawn significant scholarly attention due to their geopolitical importance and role in regional economic development. Western multilateral development banks (MDBs), such as the World Bank and the EBRD, have been the leading actors shaping norms and practices for lending to the energy sectors of these regions. China has also recently emerged as the top investor in hydrocarbons and renewables in Central Asia, at the same time increasing its presence in the Caucasus. How have Western MDBs and China shaped each other’s lending practices? By exploring the what and the how of development finance in the energy sectors of Central Asia and the Caucasus, this study argues that a dual transformation is under way. The World Bank and the EBRD are now working closely with key local stakeholders in the recipient states to make energy reforms more successful. China, on the other hand, is now cooperating more closely with Western MDBs, and accepting and implementing some of their market principles and environmental targets. The article demonstrates that the West vs. China dichotomy based on neoliberalism vs. state-capitalism is blurred and the post-Soviet energy sector includes features of both models.
Open Access
Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a cointegration analysis for China
(Elsevier Ltd, 2009) Jalil, A.; Mahmud, S. F.
This study examines the long-run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption, income and foreign trade in the case of China by employing time series data of 1975-2005. In particular the study aims at testing whether environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between CO2 emissions and per capita real GDP holds in the long run or not. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology is employed for empirical analysis. A quadratic relationship between income and CO2 emission has been found for the sample period, supporting EKC relationship. The results of Granger causality tests indicate one way causality runs through economic growth to CO2 emissions. The results of this study also indicate that the carbon emissions are mainly determined by income and energy consumption in the long run. Trade has a positive but statistically insignificant impact on CO2 emissions. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Exploring shock and volatility transmission between oil and Chinese industrial raw materials
(Elsevier, 2021-01-07) Kirkulak-Uludag, B.; Safarzadeh, Omid
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the volatility spillover between oil prices and the Chinese industrial raw materials stock indices including oil, coal, iron and non-ferrous metals. In order to achieve this task, OPEC and WTI oil prices were used as oil benchmarks and several multivariate GARCH models were applied on daily closing prices of stock indices for the period from 2004 through 2014. Among the models, VAR-GARCH model fits the data best. The findings show significant volatility spillover between oil and the Chinese raw materials stock returns. However, the spillover is unidirectional and it is more apparent from past oil shocks to the Chinese raw materials stock returns. This unidirectional spillover can be attributed to the structure of the Chinese stock market, which is slightly integrating into the global stock markets and yet is detached from its own real economy. Moreover, the findings suggest that the conditional correlations of OPEC oil and the Chinese raw materials stock indices are higher than those of WTI oil and stock indices. Overall, the findings have important implications for both portfolio managers and policy makers in terms of risk management.
Open Access
From rival to collaborator: The curious case of resurgent nationalism in china
(T.C. Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığı, 2012) Ersoy, Eyüp
In this article, first, the causes and the characteristics of the resurgent nationalism in China are examined. To that end, emergence of nationalism in China in the early 20th century, simply old nationalism, and reemergence of nationalism in China in the late 20th century, simply new nationalism, are discussed, and the two nationalisms are to be contrasted. An important argument here is that the main objective of old nationalism was to be a nation, emphasizing the need and the desire to resemble other nations, while the main objective of new nationalism is to become the nation, emphasizing the need and the desire to assert the peculiarity of the nation. Second, this article addresses the issue that while old nationalism was a fatal rival of the state, the Imperial Court, in the early 20th century, new nationalism is a vital collaborator of the state, the Communist government. Accordingly, the causes of this rather intriguing transformation are to be evaluated.
Open Access
Green credit policy and firm performance: What we learn from China
(Elsevier BV, 2021-09) Yao, S.; Pan, Y.; Şensoy, Ahmet; Uddin, G. S.; Cheng, F.
We explore the effect of green credit policy on firm performance of listed firms in China. We find that green credit policy reduces firm performance in heavily polluting industries. This effect is more prominent in state-owned enterprises, firms with large size, high institutional ownership, high analyst coverage and during high economic policy uncertainty period. Moreover, we observe that green credit policy decreases heavily polluting firms' performance by increasing firm financing constraints and decreasing investment level. Our results help to restrain heavily polluting enterprises and promote industrial transformation in developing markets.
Open Access
The interactions between OPEC oil price and sectoral stock returns: Evidence from China
(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Kirkulak-Uludag, B.; Safarzadeh, O.
This paper examines the volatility spillover between OPEC oil price and the Chinese sectoral stock returns from December 31, 2004 through October 17, 2014. In order to achieve this task, we used the VAR-GARCH model for the daily closing prices of six sectoral stock indices including: Construction, Machinery, Automobile, Military, Agriculture, and Financial indices. In addition, we analyzed the optimal weights and hedge ratios for oil-stock portfolio holdings. The findings show significant volatility spillover between OPEC oil prices and the Chinese sectoral stock returns. The volatility spillover is unidirectional from oil to stock returns. The spillover effects mainly come from past shocks. The past oil shocks have negative and significant impact on the conditional volatility of Construction, Machinery, Automobile, Military and Agriculture stock indices. On the contrary, with the exception of the Military stock index, there is no significant impact of the past stock return shocks on the volatility of oil returns. Moreover, our findings for optimal weights and hedge ratios suggest that oil can improve the risk-adjusted performance of a well-diversified portfolio of stocks.
Open Access
Investor attention and environmental information disclosure quality: Evidence from heavy pollution industries in China
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2023-03-20) Yao, S.; Li, T.; Şensoy, Ahmet; Fang, Z.; Cheng, F.
Using listed firms from 16 heavy pollution industries in China, we show that investor attention can significantly improve the quality of corporate environmental information disclosure. By examining the heterogeneity effects of investor attention under different firm characteristics, locations, and external supervision, we reveal that this improvement effect is more pronounced for smaller firms, state-owned enterprises, firms with weaker corporate governance, and firms located in China's western regions (regions with poor economic development). We further find that public's attention to environmental issues promotes the investor attention level on firms in heavy pollution industries, thus improving firms' environmental information disclosure quality. Overall, our results emphasize the role of external investor attention on corporate environmental issues.
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İzzet Arslan'ın anılarıyla: Kunuri Muharebeleri
(Bilkent University, 2020) Aydemir, Selver Sıla; Yiğit, Hüma; Gergerli, Güven; Şahin, Doğa; Erman, Nur
26-30 Kasım 1950 tarihleri arasında Kore Savaşı'nda gerçekleşen Kunuri Muharebeleri, Kore'ye giden Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin ilk muharebeleridir. Kunuri Muharebelerinde Türk birlikleri Birleşmiş Milletlerin geri çekilmesinde zaman kazandırmayı amaçlamıştır. Türk askerlerinin Kore Savaşı'na katılması ve Kunuri Muharebelerinde üstlendiği etkin rol, NATO'ya girme sürecine katkıda bulunmuştur. Kunuri Muharebelerinde savaşmış askerlerden biri de İzzet Arslan'dır. İzzet Arslan Kore'de bulunduğu sürece pek çok mektup yazmış, köy odasına yazdığı bir mektubunda Kunuri Muharebelerinin gelişimini anlatmıştır. Bu mektuplar ve diğer kaynaklardan yola çıkarak Kunuri Muharebeleri incelenecektir.
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Marxism and Mao
(1973) Gouldner, Alvin W.
Open Access
Mdm2 Snp309 G allele displays high frequency and inverse correlation with somatic P53 mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma
(Elsevier, 2010) Acun T.; Terzioǧlu-Kara, E.; Konu, O.; Ozturk, M.; Yakicier, M. C.
Loss of function of the p53 protein, which may occur through a range of molecular events, is critical in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) evolution. MDM2, an oncogene, acts as a major regulator of the p53 protein. A polymorphism in the MDM2 promoter, SNP309 (T/G), has been shown to alter protein expression and may thus play a role in carcinogenesis. MDM2 SNP309 is also associated with HCC. However, the role of SNP309 in hepatocarcinogenesis with respect to TP53 mutations is unknown. In this study, we investigated the distribution of the MDM2 SNP309 genotype and somatic TP53 (the p53 tumor suppressor gene) mutations in 99 human HCC samples from Africa, Europe, China and Japan. Samples exhibited striking geographical differences in their distribution of SNP309 genotypes. The frequency and spectrum of p53 mutations also varied geographically; TP53 mutations were frequent in Africa, where the SNP309 T/T genotype predominated but were rare in Europe and Japan, where the SNP309 G allele was present more frequently. TP53 mutations were detected in 18% (4/22) of SNP309 T/G and G/G and 82% (18/22) of SNP309 T/T genotype holders; this difference was statistically highly significant (P-value = 0.0006). Our results indicated that the presence of the SNP309 G allele is inversely associated with the presence of somatic TP53 mutations because they only coincided in 4% of HCC cases. This finding suggests that the SNP309 G allele may functionally replace p53 mutations, and in addition to known etiological factors, may be partly responsible for differential HCC prevalence. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Open Access
The mutually transforming effect: a comparative study on European and Chinese development finance in Central and Eastern Europe
(2022-07) Metintaş, Melike
The 21st century has witnessed a profound transition in global development finance after emerging powers have become important creditors for the developing world. Explaining these actors of global development finance and the factors shaping their financing behavior has been widely discussed in the scholarly literature. With its large amount of overseas financing and alternative economic growth model, China has emerged as the top creditor amongst traditional financial actors. Therefore, diversification and competition between traditional Western and Chinese creditors have become the main focus of scholars and policymakers. Yet, current changes in the global development finance show that the likelihood of convergence and cooperation are increasing between Western and China-led development finance. While China is integrating more into multilateral cooperation and abiding by international standards, Western actors have begun to change their financing policies by looking at nations’ needs rather than structural adjustments first. This thesis examines the interactions between Chinese (CDB and CHEXIM) and traditional European (EIB and EBRD) development banks in Central and Eastern Europe. By doing so, this thesis argues that a ‘mutually transforming effect’ exists between Chinese and European development finance as a result of their interactions. While Chinese banks cooperate more with European banks and the EU's financial mechanisms to fulfill their structural weaknesses, the European banks provide more credits on riskier infrastructure projects and state-owned enterprises in the CEE region.
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Sofya Kurban: Göç ; üç harfin içine sığdırılmış 80 yıl
(Bilkent University, 2019) Coşkun, Aleyna; Keskin, Arzum Ceren; Koca, Aysun; Haliloğlu, İzel; Tan, Nazlı İlhan
Sofya Kurban, Çin'in Şli bölgesinde, Doğu Türkistan'a baskıların yoğun olduğu bir dönemde doğdu. Ailesi aslen Rusya'nın Kazan bölgesinde vatandaşlığa sahip olmasına rağmen Rusya'dan Bolşevik İhtilali öncesinde kaçarak Çin'in Gulca Ģehrine yerleşti. Gerek Çin'in baskıcı politikaları gerekse Sofya Kurban'ın dedesinin Türkiye hayranlığı ailenin Çin'e bir vatan gözüyle bakmasına engel oldu ve Mao'nun ölümüyle çıkış izni alır almaz hep gitmek istedikleri Türkiye'ye yerleştiler. Sofya Kurban, yaklaşık 80 yıl süren bu göç hikâyesinin içerisinde sürüklenip giden bir göçmendir.