Browsing by Subject "Capitulations"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3

Open Access
Conflicts between the Dutch merchants and the Ottoman Local Authorities according to the "Felemenk 'Ahdname Defteri" dated 1091/1680
(1996) Arı, Bülent
The Dutch republic, in the seventeenth century, was a global naval power with her special substantially big ships, as well as her commercial and financial basis. While the Dutch State, i.e. the United Provinces, was breaking its chains from Spanish domination in the late sixteenth century in one hand, she was establishing diplomatic connections with the Ottoman State on the other. Despite the early capitulations of 1612 and the appointment of Cornelis HAGA, as an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, the Dutch diplomatic mission at the Porte was carried out by the charge d'affaires between 1638 and 1680. Full diplomatic relations were re-established with the renewal of Dutch capitulations in 1680. The thesis covers the period from the early contacts through the diplomatic relations of the eighteenth century. The full transcription of the 'ahdname of 1091/1680, and the facsimile of the 1021/1612 'ahdname are also included in this study. The nature of the capitulations, legal priority of the 'ahdnames, the privileges of the muste'min communities, the consuls, the dragomans, the cottimo, the principle of extraterritoriality, the privileges of individuals, the aman by sea, the freedom of transport, the customs zones, the customs duties and the commercial conflicts are evaluated in the thesis through citations taken from selected documents from the Felemenk 'Ahdname Defteri, dated 1091/1680. The full transcription and facsimile of each selected document are given in appendix 4.
Open Access
The first Dutch ambassador in Istanbul: Cornelis Haga and the Dutch capitulations of 1612
(2003) Ari, Bülent
This dissertation evaluates the granting of capitulations to the Dutch Republic by the Ottoman Sultan in 1612, and early years of first Dutch ambassador Cornelis Haga. The United Provinces, formed by seven provinces of the Low Countries in 1579, signed Twelve Years Truce with Spain in 1609. The truce was the beginning of Dutch primacy in world economy, which would last until mid 17th century. The Dutch Republic sent sent Haga to achieve grant of capitulations by the Sultan Ahmed I. Despite intensive opposition of Venetian, French and English ambassadors at the Porte, Haga fulfilled his mission and remained in Istanbul as resident ambassador. From Haga's arrival onwards, Vizier Halil Paşa Provided all kinds of assistance to him in establishing diplomatic relations with the Porte. In a few years Dutch consulates were opened in major port cities throughout the Mediterranean. Haga remained in Istanbul for 27 years, where he came for a temporary mission. Halil Paşa's protection was always crucial both for Haga and for the Dutch merchants. This study analyses the story of Haga as an ambassador relying on his register book including all diplomatic correspondences of his embassy. In other words, the dissertation is a case study for granting of capitulations by the Ottoman Sultan and the diplomatic maneuvers resorted to by other ambassadors at the Porte.
Open Access
Surviving the war : American assistance to the jewish community of Palestine, 1914-1917
(2013) Duru, Nur
During the nineteenth century, in hope of finding a solution to the eternal “Jewish Question”, a movement that envisioned a Jewish homeland in Ottoman Palestine took root among European Jewry. The Ottoman Empire had no intention of harboring another nationalist movement within its territories and thus took measures to prevent the colonization of Palestine. However, Jewish immigrants made use of the capitulations, which provided foreigners with extraterritorial privileges, to curb Ottoman measures and go forward with immigration into Palestine. With the outbreak of World War I, the Ottomans abolished the capitulatory system and left the movement without the capitulations which was vital for the continuation of immigration. Additionally the difficulties of the war created unfavorable conditions for the Jewish community of Palestine. The disruption of the traditional way of life, accompanied by the difficulties of war rendered the future of the community questionable. At this point, the United States of America took on the duty of protecting and assisting the community. This thesis attempts to deal with how the United States assisted the community from the beginning of the war up till the rupture of Ottoman-American relations in 1917. How the United States helped the community and through what channels, will be explained.