Browsing by Subject "Anti-communism"

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Open Access
The birth of anti-Soviet image in the Turkish press following the Second World War and its reflections after the death of Stalin (1953-1964)
(2008) Çağdaş, Nazım Arda
This study aims to analyze the construction of the anti-Soviet sentiment in the Turkish press at the beginning of the Cold War, and its evolution during the period from the death of Stalin in 1953 until the ouster of Khrushchev in 1964. After an assessment of the antagonism towards Russia in the Turkish public before 1945, the immense rise of anti-Sovietism in the Turkish press during the Straits of the Crisis between the Soviet Union and Turkey will be analyzed. The long term influence of anti-Soviet stance during the crisis, which was also reflected to the quarrel between Tan and Tanin newspapers in 1945, over the period 1953–1964 will be examined. Three main issues will be analyzed: The iv influence of the Turkish governments over the press in terms of the construction of a negative Soviet image will be questioned. The anti-Soviet stance among the Turkish journalists apart from the state influence will be assessed. The reasons for the relaxation of anti-Sovietism up to 1960s will be analyzed. In this context, the general tendency of the Turkish press will be examined with regard to the examples from the anti-Soviet content from eight prominent newspapers of that period. Primarily Ulus, as the official press organ of the Republican People’s Party; and Zafer, as the semi-official press organ of the Democratic Party; and six independent newspapers, Akşam, Cumhuriyet, Dünya, Hürriyet, Milliyet, and Vatan will be surveyed in terms of their anti-Soviet content. The prominent journalists in these newspapers will be also emphasized to observe the individual anti-Soviet perspectives in the press. The changing attitudes in the press will be assessed with regard to the developments in the Cold War.
Open Access
Red, white, and black : anti-communism, massive resistance, and the case of Orval Faubus
(2008) Özdemir, Fatma Doğuş
In 1954, The Supreme Court of the United States declared in the Brown v. Board of Education decision that racial segregation in the nation’s public schools was against the U.S. Constitution. In the South, where racial segregation was the norm, the decision triggered a region wide reaction called the Massive Resistance. The resistance movement also coincided with the domestic anti-communist consensus of the Cold War, but the historical southern tendency to brand racial reform as communistic was more central. One focus of the thesis is this continuity. The other focus is on how a moderate Upper South state, Arkansas, became the site of the greatest Massive Resistance crisis in 1957 over the integration of the Little Rock High School, owing to the anti-communist and segregationist propaganda emanating from the Deep South. Although the movement was initiated by a conservative white elite, the support of local southern community and the intimidation of moderately inclined white southerners, was a key to its success. In reaching down to grassroots and pushing moderacy to inactivity, the combination of an anti-communist and anti-integrationist rhetoric had specific importance in Arkansas. It was with such combination that the resistance could contribute greatly to the building up of the 1957 integration crisis in Little Rock, by mostly mobilizing the otherwise silent grassroots and by giving the previously moderate Governor Orval Faubus an opportunity to assert a new and more acceptable conservative stance. To get down to local circumstances personal papers of southern leaders, mostly including propaganda material, Faubus’s personal papers and autobiographies, and memoirs of Arkansas figures were consulted, as well as secondary sources.
Open Access
The role of ideology in Turkish foreign policy during the Democrat Party
(2021-05) Bilir, Ali Berk
With the end of the Second World War, Turkey increasingly aligned with the Western powers. Turkey was a key recipient of Marshall Plan aid that sought to rebuild Europe after the destruction of the war. In the aftermath of the war, the Turkish political scene and the economy liberalized as Turkey integrated itself more with the West. These policies were followed by a power change with the defeat of the Republic’s founding party, the Republican People’s Party, to the Democrat Party in the 1950 elections. Adnan Menderes’ ten-year rule was a period of close cooperation between Ankara and its Western partners. In this study, I have sought to examine the role of ideology in the Menderes Government’s foreign policy. To capture the balance between Menderes’s pro-Western ideology and his concerns about Turkey’s security and economy, the thesis highlights three different cases. American financial aid to Turkey reveals the limits of Menderes’s pro-Westernism and the different approaches to developmental plans in Ankara and Washington. Turkish-Soviet relations show that his government’s attitude towards Moscow was not narrowly ideological and changed over time. It was in the Menderes government’s attitude towards decolonization movements and Third World nationalism that ideology had an undeniable influence on Ankara’s foreign policy.