Browsing by Subject "Adaptive boosting"

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Open Access
AttentionBoost: learning what to attend for gland segmentation in histopathological images by boosting fully convolutional networks
(IEEE, 2020) Güneşli, Gözde Nur; Sökmensüer, C.; Gündüz-Demir, Çiğdem
Fully convolutional networks (FCNs) are widely used for instance segmentation. One important challenge is to sufficiently train these networks to yield good generalizations for hard-to-learn pixels, correct prediction of which may greatly affect the success. A typical group of such hard-to-learn pixels are boundaries between instances. Many studies have developed strategies to pay more attention to learning these boundary pixels. They include designing multi-task networks with an additional task of boundary prediction and increasing the weights of boundary pixels' predictions in the loss function. Such strategies require defining what to attend beforehand and incorporating this defined attention to the learning model. However, there may exist other groups of hard-to-learn pixels and manually defining and incorporating the appropriate attention for each group may not be feasible. In order to provide an adaptable solution to learn different groups of hard-to-learn pixels, this article proposes AttentionBoost, which is a new multi-attention learning model based on adaptive boosting, for the task of gland instance segmentation in histopathological images. AttentionBoost designs a multi-stage network and introduces a new loss adjustment mechanism for an FCN to adaptively learn what to attend at each stage directly on image data without necessitating any prior definition. This mechanism modulates the attention of each stage to correct the mistakes of previous stages, by adjusting the loss weight of each pixel prediction separately with respect to how accurate the previous stages are on this pixel. Working on histopathological images of colon tissues, our experiments demonstrate that the proposed AttentionBoost model improves the results of gland segmentation compared to its counterparts.
Open Access
Boosted LMS-based piecewise linear adaptive filters
(IEEE, 2016) Kari, Dariush; Marivani, Iman; Delibalta, İ.; Kozat, Süleyman Serdar
We introduce the boosting notion extensively used in different machine learning applications to adaptive signal processing literature and implement several different adaptive filtering algorithms. In this framework, we have several adaptive constituent filters that run in parallel. For each newly received input vector and observation pair, each filter adapts itself based on the performance of the other adaptive filters in the mixture on this current data pair. These relative updates provide the boosting effect such that the filters in the mixture learn a different attribute of the data providing diversity. The outputs of these constituent filters are then combined using adaptive mixture approaches. We provide the computational complexity bounds for the boosted adaptive filters. The introduced methods demonstrate improvement in the performances of conventional adaptive filtering algorithms due to the boosting effect.
Open Access
Boosting fully convolutional networks for gland instance segmentation in histopathological images
(2019-08) Güneşli, Gözde Nur
In the current literature, fully convolutional neural networks (FCNs) are the most preferred architectures for dense prediction tasks, including gland segmentation. However, a signi cant challenge is to adequately train these networks to correctly predict pixels that are hard-to-learn. Without additional strategies developed for this purpose, networks tend to learn poor generalizations of the dataset since the loss functions of the networks during training may be dominated by the most common and easy-to-learn pixels in the dataset. A typical example of this is the border separation problem in the gland instance segmentation task. Glands can be very close to each other, and since the border regions contain relatively few pixels, it is more di cult to learn these regions and separate gland instances. As this separation is essential for the gland instance segmentation task, this situation arises major drawbacks on the results. To address this border separation problem, it has been proposed to increase the given attention to border pixels during network training either by increasing the relative loss contribution of these pixels or by adding border detection as an additional task to the architecture. Although these techniques may help better separate gland borders, there may exist other types of hard-to-learn pixels (and thus, other mistake types), mostly related to noise and artifacts in the images. Yet, explicitly adjusting the appropriate attention to train the networks against every type of mistake is not feasible. Motivated by this, as a more e ective solution, this thesis proposes an iterative attention learning model based on adaptive boosting. The proposed AttentionBoost model is a multi-stage dense segmentation network trained directly on image data without making any prior assumption. During the end-to-end training of this network, each stage adjusts the importance of each pixel-wise prediction for each image depending on the errors of the previous stages. This way, each stage learns the task with di erent attention forcing the stage to learn the mistakes of the earlier stages. With experiments on the gland instance segmentation task, we demonstrate that our model achieves better segmentation results than the approaches in the literature.
Open Access
Compressive sensing based flame detection in infrared videos
(IEEE, 2013) Günay, Osman; Çetin, A. Enis
In this paper, a Compressive Sensing based feature extraction algorithm is proposed for flame detection using infrared cameras. First, bright and moving regions in videos are detected. Then the videos are divided into spatio-temporal blocks and spatial and temporal feature vectors are exctracted from these blocks. Compressive Sensing is used to exctract spatial feature vectors. Compressed measurements are obtained by multiplying the pixels in the block with the sensing matrix. A new method is also developed to generate the sensing matrix. A random vector generated according to standard Gaussian distribution is passed through a wavelet transform and the resulting matrix is used as the sensing matrix. Temporal features are obtained from the vector that is formed from the difference of mean intensity values of the frames in two neighboring blocks. Spatial feature vectors are classified using Adaboost. Temporal feature vectors are classified using hidden Markov models. To reduce the computational cost only moving and bright regions are classified and classification is performed at specified intervals instead of every frame. © 2013 IEEE.
Open Access
A robust system for counting people using an infrared sensor and a camera
(Elsevier BV, 2015) Erden, F.; Alkar, A. Z.; Çetin, A. Enis
In this paper, a multi-modal solution to the people counting problem in a given area is described. The multi-modal system consists of a differential pyro-electric infrared (PIR) sensor and a camera. Faces in the surveillance area are detected by the camera with the aim of counting people using cascaded AdaBoost classifiers. Due to the imprecise results produced by the camera-only system, an additional differential PIR sensor is integrated to the camera. Two types of human motion: (i) entry to and exit from the surveillance area and (ii) ordinary activities in that area are distinguished by the PIR sensor using a Markovian decision algorithm. The wavelet transform of the continuous-time real-valued signal received from the PIR sensor circuit is used for feature extraction from the sensor signal. Wavelet parameters are then fed to a set of Markov models representing the two motion classes. The affiliation of a test signal is decided as the class of the model yielding higher probability. People counting results produced by the camera are then corrected by utilizing the additional information obtained from the PIR sensor signal analysis. With the proof of concept built, it is shown that the multi-modal system can reduce false alarms of the camera-only system and determines the number of people watching a TV set in a more robust manner.