Browsing by Author "Fougner, Tore"

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Open Access
Animals and diplomacy: on the prospect for interspecies diplomacy
(SAGE Publications, 2023-08-10) Fougner, Tore
If diplomacy is considered an alternative to war, can the ongoing human ‘war against animals’ be replaced with diplomacy between humans and other animals? While many scholars and practitioners of diplomacy can be expected to dismiss such an idea out of hand, this essay encourages us to think more seriously and thoroughly about what it might imply to engage diplomatically with nonhuman animals. Doing so requires a somewhat unconventional conception of diplomacy, and some scholars have already done much to rethink diplomacy in suitable ways (despite the persistent anthropocentrism). Combining such work with political science scholarship on human-animal relations, indigenous peoples’ relations with animals, various notions of animal ambassadorship and the study of animal behaviour in natural settings, the essay argues that interspecies diplomacy is possible and urges scholars to further explore this and how the possibility in question can be translated into reality.
Open Access
Engaging the “Animal Question” in International Relations
(Oxford University Press, 2020) Fougner, Tore
By raising the “animal question” in International Relations (IR), this essay seeks to contribute not only to put animals and human–animal relations on the IR agenda, but also to move the field in a less anthropocentric and non-speciesist direction. More specifically, the essay does three things: First, it makes animals visible within some of the main empirical realms conventionally treated as the subject matter of IR. Second, it reflects on IR's neglect of animals and human–animal relations in relation to both how IR has been constituted as a field and the broader socio-cultural context in which it is embedded. Third, it explores various ways in which IR scholars can start incorporating and take animals and human–animal relations seriously in studies on international relations.
Open Access
Gender policy: a case of instrumental Europeanization?
(Taylor and Francis, 2015) Fougner, Tore; Kurtoğlu, A.; Güney, A.; Tekin, A.
This chapter deals with the gender policy effects of Turkey's integration with the European Union (EU). It begins with an outline of the EU gender regime, and then provides a snapshot of gender policy in Turkey as of 1999 before assessing it in relation to the EU gender policy standard at the time. Then, the chapter maps post-1999 gender policy developments in Turkey, which constitutes the background for the subsequent assessment of the ways in which the EU accession process has influenced them. As with the acquis communautaire in general, the gender acquis has developed incrementally over time, and currently consists of multiple treaty provisions and directives, case law in the form of European Court of Justice (ECJ) rulings and various "soft" measures. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the extent to which it makes sense to talk about the Europeanization of gender policy in Turkey.