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Alive and well: the good faith principle in Turkish contract law
(Springer, 2016) Schafer, Hans-Bernd; Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
Good faith is a principle prominent in civil law countries but less so in common law countries, and which allows courts to deviate from black letter law. It provides them with flexibility to change the outcome of a deductive legal decision if they regard it as absurd. The principle of good faith thus empowers the judiciary to deviate. It can be used for an indefinite number of cases and might lead to almost all conceivable legal consequences. For instance, the judge can invalidate the contract, change the price, suspend or change a clause in the contract, or grant injunctive relief, compensation of damages, the disgorgement of profits or a removal claim. We argue that if the principle of good faith is used to develop contract law into an instrument for redistributing wealth in favor of poor parties, this can destroy the concept of contract as a social mechanism for generating mutual gains for parties, which might lead to unwanted economic consequences in terms of efficiency losses. We argue that the principle of good faith must be carefully and reluctantly used to reconstruct the fully specified contract and that well-informed judges, who understand the factual environment of a contract well should ask how fair bur self-interested parties would have allocated the risk in a pre-contractual situation. If the courts restrict the application of the good faith principle to these functions, this provides elasticity that otherwise would not exist if courts would strictly use the rules laid down in black letter law. Moreover, it saves transactions costs and is therefore in line with economic reasoning. We look at the most important Turkish cases and find that the Turkish Supreme Court following Continental European doctrines of good faith actually uses this principle to curb opportunistic behavior of parties and not to achieve redistribution from the rich to the poor by way of interfering into contract law.
Open Access
Audiovisual wills: A contemporary approach to testamentary formalities
(Boom Uitgevers, 2022-12-01) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
Despite several differences between civil law and common law jurisdictions, today’s modern succession law is based on Roman law, which requires strict formal rules for will-making. However, a historical perspective demonstrates that there is a slow but continuous shift away from strict formalism. In fact, form’s superiority over substance is diminishing, and testamentary formalities are mellowing. Yet legislative intervention is compulsory to ensure that succession law is in harmony with the latest technological developments of the era. We argue that de lege ferenda, legal order should allow testators to execute audiovisual wills through electronic means of communication. Within this stance, the option of audiovisual wills should not be restricted to cases of emergency. Everyone should be allowed to make an audiovisual will at any time, and such wills should not be automatically terminated if the testator is still alive after a specific time following the execution of the will. However, one needs a feasible and secure system that will ensure that audiovisual wills bestow the functions of testamentary formalities. Accordingly, we propose that each state create a digital registry. Testators could upload their audiovisual wills to such a registry, and these wills could be shared directly with competent public authorities. © 2022, Boom Uitgevers. All rights reserved.
Open Access
Cevap ve düzeltme hakkı çerçevesinde haberin gerçeğe aykırılığı: “maddi gerçekliğe” aykırı bir haberin salt “görünürdeki gerçekliğe” uygunluğu cevap ve düzeltme hakkının kullanılmasına engel midir?
(Türkiye Barolar Birliği, 2014) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
Yargıtay “görünürdeki gerçekliğe” uygun bir haberin “maddi gerçekliğe” aykırı olması nedeniyle tazminat istenemeyeceğini kabul etmektedir. Yüksek Mahkeme aynı görüşü cevap ve düzeltme (tekzip) hakkının kullanılması bakımından da benimsemektedir. Oysa bir haberin salt “görünürdeki gerçekliğe” uygunlu- ğu tazminat istemlerinin aksine tekzip istemlerini engellemez. Zira tazminat ve tekzip kurumlarının dengelemeyi amaçladıkları menfaat çatışmaları birbirinden farklıdır.
Open Access
Ceza koşulunun borçlunun borca aykırı davranıştaki kusuru ile ilişkisi nedir?
(Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, 2018) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
İsviçre hukukunda ceza koşulunun borçlunun kusuruna bağlı olduğu konusunda neredeyse görüş birliği bulunmaktadır. Türk hukukunda ise ceza koşulu ve kusur arasındaki ilişki tartışmalıdır. Zira kimi yazarlar, cezanın yalnızca borçlunun kusuruyla borca aykırı davrandığı hallerde istenebileceğini kabul ederken, diğer bir görüşe göre cezanın istenebilmesi borçlunun kusuruna bağlı değildir. Bu görüşlerden hangisinin kabul edilmesi gerektiğinin tespiti, Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun 180/2 ve 182/2 maddelerinin, hazırlık çalışmalarını da dikkate alarak, sözüyle ve özüyle yorumlanmasını gerektirir. Kanımızca, bu yorum neticesinde varılacak sonuç, taraflarca aksine anlaşma yapılmadıkça, borçlunun sözleşmeyle belirlenen cezayı ödeme borcunun kusurundan bağımsız olduğudur.
Open Access
Economic impossibility in Turkish contract law from the perspective of law and economics
(Springer New York LLC, 2012) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can; Schafer, Hans-Bernd
We argue that the proposed introduction of the doctrine of economic impossibility in Article 137 of the reform draft of the Turkish Code of Obligations is in line with economic considerations and facilitates business transactions. This new rule gives courts the explicit power to terminate a contract and relieve the party, which owes specific performance of its obligation, without imposing any duty to pay expectation damages to the other party. We argue that a court's decision to terminate a contract under economic impossibility should be based on three tests. First, a low-probability-event occurs between contract formation and performance. Second, this event causes an excessive increase in the costs of specific performance. Third, the concept of an excessive increase should take into due consideration the other party's interest in specific performance. The reform draft includes explicitly the first two tests, but not the third test. We also show under which conditions an excessive performance difficulty should not lead to termination of the contract but rather to an adjustment of the agreed price. We argue that the rule of economic impossibility, if diligently adjudicated, saves the parties transactions costs in comparison to a rule under which the law insists on specific performance or damage payments. We also argue that a specific rule of economic impossibility leads to better and more business-oriented solutions to the underlying problems than the alternative, which is to solve such problems under the broad and unspecific cover of the "good faith" or the "Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus" doctrine. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Open Access
Editorial note
(Springer New York LLC, 2016) Gürzumar, O. B.; Schäfer, Hans-Bernd; Karabudak, H. B.; Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
Open Access
Effet de la bonne foi du conjoint survivant sur ses droits successoraux en cas d’annulation du mariage
(Schulthess Juristische Medien AG, 2016) Ormanci, P. A.; Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
Open Access
Elephant in the room: CISG, hardship, and uniform application
(Kluwer Law International, 2023) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
It has long been disputed by scholars, courts, and arbitral tribunals whether or not hardship is covered by Article 79 of the CISG. In 2020, the CISG Advisory Council published an opinion and expressed the view that CISG governs cases of hardship but under Article 79, the parties have no duty to renegotiate the contract; and a court or arbitral tribunal may not adapt the contract or bring the contract to an end. Council’s opinion is primarily based on the aim to prevent recourse to domestic law. In fact, if one accepts that CISG contains a gap concerning hardship, domestic law will apply to fill such gap, and this would undermine the unification of the law. However, this can hardly be a reason to accept that cases of hardship are covered by Article 79 CISG. Historical, textual, and teleological interpretation of Article 79 as well as an economic analysis of the concerned remedies show that Article 79 does not cover and/or is not suited to apply to cases of hardship. Therefore, there is an internal gap within the CISG concerning hardship and except for some exceptional cases, where one could find an international trade usage between the parties, the last resort to fill such gap is resorting to the domestic law applicable through private international law
Open Access
Good faith
(Springer, New York, 2015) Schäfer, H. -B.; Aksoy, Hüseyin Can; Marciano, A.; Ramello, G. B.
Good faith is a blanket clause under which courts develop standards of fair and honest behavior. It gives ample discretion to the judiciary and entitles a court to narrow down the interpretation of statutes or contracts and even to deviate from codified rules, from the wording in the law or the contract or to fill gaps. The law and economics literature relates bad faith to opportunistic behavior and it is accepted that in specific cases where the application of default or mandatory rules leads to opportunism or where both the law and the contract are silent on risk, the judge can resort to the good faith principle. As a result the parties may delegate part of the contractual drafting to the legal system in addition to having reduced apprehension regarding the possibility of opportunistic behavior from the other side. This allows them to keep contracts relatively short and reduces the costs of defensive strategies.
Open Access
Impracticability
(Springer, 2014) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can; Backhaus, J.
The principle of pacta sund servanda requires that agreements must be kept. However such rule is not absolute. When performance of a contractual obligation becomes impracticable, i.e., considerably more burdensome (expensive) than originally contemplated –albeit physically possible- due to an unexpected event, this would lead to adaptation of the contract to the changed circumstances or to avoidance of the contract. In the law and economics literature, impracticability has been substantially studied to figure out who should bear the risk of impracticability; and what would be the efficient remedy for such breach of contract.
Open Access
Is the syndicated loans market ready for distributed ledger technology?
(Taylor & Francis, 2023-09-18) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
The syndicated loan market has a centralised nature dominated by intermediaries. Such a structure not only requires manual labour and back-office workloads, but it is also prone to human error and fraud. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) and smart contracts are promising tools to overcome the factors which adversely affect the efficiency of the current and classical business model in the primary and secondary market of syndicated loans. DLT eliminates the need for intermediaries; provides transparency, accuracy, and authenticity; lowers transaction costs; makes it easier to comply with Know Your Customer obligations; and provides efficiency in the secondary market for syndicated loans. However, existing legal rules and institutions fail to create a predictable and legally safe environment for the spread of DLT in the syndicated loans market. Therefore, proper regulation is required for the widespread use of DLT technology in the syndicated loan market.
Open Access
Rethinking the relationship between the enforceability of penalty clauses and the debtor's fault in breach of his/her obligation under Swiss law
(Akademie Ved Ceske Republiky * Ustav Statu a Prava, 2021-04-01) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
Despite the lack of an explicit provision within the Swiss Code of Obligations (OR), the considerable majority of the Swiss doctrine as well as the Federal Court accept that contractual penalty shall be paid if and only if the debtor’s breach is based on his/her fault. In this paper, we question such dogma and analyze the wording and purposes of Articles 161/2 and 163/2 of the Swiss Code of Obligations by taking their historical background into account. We argue that unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the debtor’s obligation to pay the penalty shall be deemed independent of his/her fault.
Open Access
Status Quo Bias, CISG and the future of the Common European Sales Law
(Kluwer Law International, 2013) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
Common European Sales Law (“CESL”) is not the first legal instrument directed at the formation of a uniform legal regime applicable to international commercial sales. N ot surprisingly its scope overlaps with the scope of the already existing United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (“CISG”), which is the default cross-border sales law regime in 23 European Union member states that have adopted the Convention. Unlike the CISG, the CESL has acknowledged an “opt-in” mechanism. However the studies show that when they can choose among alternatives, individuals prefer to leave things as they are. The author argues that status quo bias is a huge barrier in front of the CESL’s future success.
Open Access
Türk ve İsviçre hukuklarında evcil hayvanlara verilen zararlara ilişkin özel hukuktan doğan sorumluluk
(Türkiye Barolar Birliği, 2017) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
2002 yılında İsviçre’de yapılan bir dizi kanun değişikliği ile hayvanların hukuki konumu iyileştirilmiştir. Örneğin, hayvanların eşya olmadıkları ilkesi benimsenmiş, ev ortamında tutulan ve yatırım amacı veya ticari amaçla kullanılmayan bir hayvana zarar verilmesi halinde failden talep edilebilecek tedavi masraflarının hayvanın piyasa değerini aşabileceği kabul edilmiş ve bu türden bir hayvanı ölen ya da yaralanan kişinin tazminat talebini değerlendiren hâkime, hayvanın duygusal değerini de dikkate alma imkânı verilmiştir. Buna karşılık, Yargıtay hayvanı öldürülen kimselerin manevi tazminat taleplerini hayvanın ölümünün “kişinin sosyal, fiziki ve kişilik değerlerine saldırı oluşturacak nitelikte bir eylem” oluşturmadığı gerekçesiyle reddetmektedir. Ancak Yargıtay’ın bu uygulaması en nazik anlatımla köhne bir düşüncenin yansımasıdır. Zira İsviçre hukukunda yapılan kanun değişikliklerine ilişkin tartışmalar, aynı ilkelerin Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nun mevcut hükümleri çerçevesinde de kolaylıkla benimsenebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Open Access
Vekaletsiz iş görende işi vekaletsiz olarak görme bilinci aranmalı mıdır?
(Ankara Barosu, 2017) Aksoy, Hüseyin Can
Vekaletsiz iş görme kurumunu düzenleyen kanun koyucu, özgecil olarak bir başkasının işini gören kişi ile bir başkasının menfaatini bencilce gasp eden kişi arasında ayrım yapmış ve özgecil hareketiyle bir başkasının işini gören kişiye çeşitli ve geniş kapsamlı haklar sunmuştur. Bu bağlamda, iş görenin önemli ölçüde korunmasının sebebi onun özgecil davranışı olduğundan, gerçek vekaletsiz iş görmeye ilişkin hükümlerin uygulanabilmesi, iş görenin işi gördüğü sırada “işi vekaletsiz olarak görme bilincine” sahip olması koşuluna bağlıdır. Yükümlü olduğu yanılgısıyla veya batıl bir sözleşmeden doğduğu düşünülen borcunu ya da iptal edilmiş bir sözleşmeden doğan yükümlülüğünü ifa etme gayesiyle hareket eden iş görendeki özgecil yaklaşım eksikliği, vekaletsiz iş görme hükümlerinin uygulanmasına engeldir.

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