Is there a resource curse for private liberties?

The existing literature on the political resource curse focuses on whether oil wealth hinders the transition to democracy. In this study, I examine whether oil wealth negatively affects the private rights of the individual. I argue that petroleum-rich governments are subject to less pressure to protect freedom of movement, freedom of religion, the right to property, and freedom from forced labor. In addition, they can use the windfall at their disposal to finance the enforcement of laws that restrict those private rights. Based on a panel of 162 countries for the years 1932-2003, I find that petroleum wealth is negatively associated with private liberties. Using mediation analysis, I also find that most of the impact of oil wealth on private rights arises independently of its impact on the level of democracy. This indicates that the scope of the political resource curse extends beyond representation to include the private rights of the individual.