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      Beyond the 'East-West' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood

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      Author(s)
      Vignoles, V. L.
      Owe, E.
      Becker, M.
      Smith, P. B.
      Easterbrook, M. J.
      Brown, R.
      González, R.
      Didier, N.
      Carrasco, D.
      Cadena, M. P.
      Lay, S.
      Schwartz, S. J.
      Rosiers, S. E. D.
      Villamar, J. A.
      Gavreliuc, A.
      Zinkeng, M.
      Kreuzbauer, R.
      Baguma, P.
      Martin, M.
      Tatarko, A.
      Herman, G.
      de Sauvage, I.
      Courtois, M.
      Gardarsdóttir, R. B.
      Harb, C.
      Gallo, I. S.
      Gil, P. P.
      Clemares, R. L.
      Campara, G.
      Nizharadze, G.
      Macapagal, M. E. J.
      Jalal, B.
      Bourguignon, D.
      Zhang, J.
      Lv, S.
      Chybicka, A.
      Yuki, M.
      Zhang X.
      Espinosa, A.
      Valk, A.
      Abuhamdeh, S.
      Amponsah, B.
      Özgen E.
      Guner, E. Ü.
      Yamakoglu, N.
      Chobthamkit, P.
      Pyszczynski, T.
      Kesebir, P.
      Trujillo, E. V.
      Balanta, P.
      Ayala, B. C.
      Koller, S. H.
      Jaafar, J. L.
      Gausel, N.
      Fischer, R.
      Milfont, T. L.
      Kusdil, E.
      Çağlar, S.
      Aldhafri, S.
      Ferreira, M. C.
      Mekonnen, K. H.
      Wang, Q.
      Fülöp, M.
      Torres, A.
      Camino, L.
      Lemos, F. C. S.
      Fritsche, I.
      Möller, B.
      Regalia, C.
      Manzi, C.
      Brambilla, M.
      Bond, M. H.
      Date
      2016
      Source Title
      Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
      Print ISSN
      0096-3445
      Publisher
      American Psychological Association Inc.
      Volume
      145
      Issue
      8
      Pages
      966 - 1000
      Language
      English
      Type
      Article
      Item Usage Stats
      528
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      2,501
      downloads
      Abstract
      Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self-construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes. However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16 nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts. © 2016 American Psychological Association.
      Keywords
      Culture
      Independence-interdependence
      Self-construals
      adolescent
      cultural anthropology
      cultural factor
      female
      human
      individuality
      male
      personality
      psychology
      self concept
      student
      young adult
      Adolescent
      Cross-Cultural Comparison
      Culture
      Female
      Humans
      Individuality
      Male
      Personality
      Self Concept
      Students
      Young Adult
      Permalink
      http://hdl.handle.net/11693/36711
      Published Version (Please cite this version)
      https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000175
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      • Department of Psychology 216
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