Great ape genetic diversity and population history
Author
Prado-Martinez, J.
Eichler, E. E.
Marques-Bonet, T.
Sudmant, P. H.
Kidd, J. M.
Li, H.
Kelley, J. L.
Lorente-Galdos, B.
Veeramah, K. R.
Woerner, A. E.
O’Connor, T. D.
Santpere, G.
Cagan, A.
Theunert, C.
Casals, F.
Laayouni, H.
Munch, K.
Hobolth, A.
Halager, A. E.
Malig, M.
Hernandez-Rodriguez, J.
Hernando-Herraez, I.
Prüfer, K.
Pybus, M.
Johnstone, L.
Lachmann, M.
Alkan C.
Twig, D.
Petit, N.
Baker, C.
Hormozdiari, F.
Fernandez-Callejo, M.
Dabad, M.
Wilson, M. L.
Stevison, L.
Camprubí, C.
Carvalho, T.
RuizHerrera, A.
Vives, L.
Mele, M.
Abello, T.
Kondova, I.
Bontrop, R. E.
Pusey, A.
Lankester, F.
Kiyang, J. A.
Bergl, R. A.
Lonsdorf, E.
Myers, S.
Ventura, M.
Gagneux, P.
Comas, D.
Siegismund, H.
Blanc, J.
Agueda-Calpena, L.
Gut, M.
Fulton, L.
Tishkoff, S. A.
Mullikin, J. C.
Wilson, R. K.
Gut, I. G.
Gonder, M K.
Ryder, O. A.
Hahn, B. H.
Navarro, A.
Akey, J. M.
Bertranpetit, J.
Reich, D.
Mailund, T.
Schierup, M. H.
Hvilsom, C.
Andrés, A. M.
Wall, J. D.
Bustamante, C. D.
Hammer, M. F.
Date
2013Source Title
Nature: international weekly journal of science
Print ISSN
0028-0836
Electronic ISSN
1476-4687
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group
Volume
499
Issue
7459
Pages
12 - 1
Language
English
Type
ArticleItem Usage Stats
120
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Abstract
Most great ape genetic variation remains uncharacterized(1,2); however, its study is critical for understanding population history(3-6), recombination(7), selection(8) and susceptibility to disease(9,10). Here we sequence to high coverage a total of 79 wild-and captive-born individuals representing all six great ape species and seven subspecies and report 88.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our analysis provides support for genetically distinct populations within each species, signals of gene flow, and the split of common chimpanzees into two distinct groups: Nigeria-Cameroon/western and central/eastern populations. We find extensive inbreeding in almost all wild populations, with eastern gorillas being the most extreme. Inferred effective population sizes have varied radically over time in different lineages and this appears to have a profound effect on the genetic diversity at, or close to, genes in almost all species. We discover and assign 1,982 loss-of-function variants throughout the human and great ape lineages, determining that the rate of gene loss has not been different in the human branch compared to other internal branches in the great ape phylogeny. This comprehensive catalogue of great ape genome diversity provides a framework for understanding evolution and a resource for more effective management of wild and captive great ape populations.