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      • Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
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      Classification of fall directions via wearable motion sensors

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      Author(s)
      Turan, M. Ş.
      Barshan, Billur
      Date
      2022-06-15
      Source Title
      Digital Signal Processing
      Print ISSN
      1051-2004
      Electronic ISSN
      1095-4333
      Publisher
      Academic Press
      Volume
      125
      Pages
      103129- - 103129-
      Language
      English
      Type
      Article
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      Abstract
      Effective fall-detection and classification systems are vital in mitigating severe medical and economical consequences of falls to people in the fall risk groups. One class of such systems is based on wearable sensors. While there is a vast amount of academic work on this class of systems, not much effort has been devoted to the investigation of effective and robust algorithms and like-for-like comparison of state-of-the-art algorithms using a sufficiently large dataset. In this article, fall-direction classification algorithms are presented and compared on an extensive dataset, comprising a total of 1600 fall trials. Eight machine learning classifiers are implemented for fall-direction classification into four basic directions (forward, backward, right, and left). These are, namely, Bayesian decision making (BDM), least squares method (LSM), k-nearest neighbor classifier (k-NN), artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector machines (SVMs), decision-tree classifier (DTC), random forest (RF), and adaptive boosting or AdaBoost (AB). BDM achieves perfect classification, followed by k-NN, SVM, and RF. Data acquired from only a single motion sensor unit, worn at the waist of the subject, are processed for experimental verification. Four of the classifiers (BDM, LSM, k-NN, and ANN) are modified to handle the presence of data from an unknown class and evaluated on the same dataset. In this robustness analysis, ANN and k-NN yield accuracies above 96.2%. The results obtained in this study are promising in developing real-world fall-classification systems as they enable fast and reliable classification of fall directions.
      Keywords
      Assistive technology
      Fall-direction classification
      Machine learning classifiers
      Motion sensors
      Wearable sensors
      Wearables
      Permalink
      http://hdl.handle.net/11693/111437
      Published Version (Please cite this version)
      https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2021.103129
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