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      Atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry of single viruses and nanoparticles by nanoelectromechanical systems

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      Author(s)
      Erdogan, R. Tufan
      Alkhaled, Mohammed
      Kaynak, Batuhan E.
      Alhmoud, Hashim
      Pisheh, Hadi Sedaghat
      Kelleci, Mehmet
      Karakurt, Ilbey
      Yanik, C.
      Şen, Zehra Betül
      Sari, B.
      Yagci, A. M.
      Özkul, A.
      Hanay, M. Selim
      Date
      2022-01-04
      Source Title
      ACS Nano
      Print ISSN
      19360851
      Electronic ISSN
      1936-086X
      Publisher
      American Chemical Society
      Volume
      16
      Issue
      3
      Pages
      3821 - 3833
      Language
      English
      Type
      Article
      Item Usage Stats
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      21
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      Abstract
      Mass spectrometry of intact nanoparticles and viruses can serve as a potent characterization tool for material science and biophysics. Inaccessible by widespread commercial techniques, the mass of single nanoparticles and viruses (>10MDa) can be readily measured by nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)-based mass spectrometry, where charged and isolated analyte particles are generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) in air and transported onto the NEMS resonator for capture and detection. However, the applicability of NEMS as a practical solution is hindered by their miniscule surface area, which results in poor limit-of-detection and low capture efficiency values. Another hindrance is the necessity to house the NEMS inside complex vacuum systems, which is required in part to focus analytes toward the miniscule detection surface of the NEMS. Here, we overcome both limitations by integrating an ion lens onto the NEMS chip. The ion lens is composed of a polymer layer, which charges up by receiving part of the ions incoming from the ESI tip and consequently starts to focus the analytes toward an open window aligned with the active area of the NEMS electrostatically. With this integrated system, we have detected the mass of gold and polystyrene nanoparticles under ambient conditions and with two orders-of-magnitude improvement in capture efficiency compared to the state-of-the-art. We then applied this technology to obtain the mass spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 and BoHV-1 virions. With the increase in analytical throughput, the simplicity of the overall setup, and the operation capability under ambient conditions, the technique demonstrates that NEMS mass spectrometry can be deployed for mass detection of engineered nanoparticles and biological samples efficiently.
      Keywords
      Nanoelectromechanical systems
      NEMS mass spectrometry
      Atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry
      Label-free virus detection
      Nanoparticle mass measurement
      Vacuum-free mass spectrometry
      Self-focusing NEMS
      Permalink
      http://hdl.handle.net/11693/111264
      Published Version (Please cite this version)
      https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c08423
      Collections
      • Department of Mechanical Engineering 373
      • Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (UNAM) 2258
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