Browsing by Subject "Syria"
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Item Open Access Antioch's Last Heirs: The Hatay Greek Orthodox Community between Greece, Syria and Turkey(Cambridge University Press, 2022-10-01) Grigoriadis, Ioannis Ν.This study explores the identity dynamics of the Arabic-speaking Greek Orthodox community of the Hatay province of Turkey. Citizens of Turkey, members of the Greek Orthodox church and Arabic speakers, members of this small but historic community stood at the crossroads of three nationalisms: Greek, Syrian and Turkish. Following the urbanization waves that swept through the Turkish countryside since the 1950s, thousands of Hatay Greek Orthodox moved to Istanbul and were given the chance to integrate with the Greek minority there. The case of the Hatay Greek Orthodox community points to the resilience of millet-based identities, more than a century after the demise of the Ottoman Empire. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham.Item Open Access The Armenian 'relocation': the case for 'military necessity'(Terazi Yayıncılık, 2014) Salt, JeremyThis article focuses on the questions of insurgency and'military necessity' as a reason for moving the bulk of the Armenianpopulation from the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire in thesecond half of 1915. It looks at precedent and parallel cases of'relocations' in military history and follows the course of the war as itwas fought by the Ottoman government from late 1914, on the battle frontand behind the lines, until the Van uprising of April, 1915, precipitatedthe decision to 'relocate' the Armenian civilian population.Item Open Access Countering state-supported terrorism : the PKK and Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East(Bilkent University, 2003) Selvi, İsmailhis thesis analyzes the support provided to the PKK by Syria and Iran, and attempts to determine its impact on Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East. Some states have adopted supporting terrorist groups as a means to further foreign policy, even to the extent of pursuing an undeclared warfare against rival countries. Similarly, Syria and Iran have supported and encouraged the PKK hoping that they could gain advantage over issues involving Turkey. In the post-Cold War era, separatist PKK terrorism grew to be the primary threat to the security and territorial integrity of Turkey. Realizing that her low-profile attitude in the region failed to deter the foreign support to the PKK by her southern neighbors, Turkey revised her traditional policies in the Middle East. Consequently, Turkey was forced to pursue more assertive policies in the region, which made her an active actor of the Middle East sub-system despite her Western identity.Item Open Access A dance of entanglement: the US-Turkish relations in the context of the Syrian conflict(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi(UİK), 2019-06) Sarı Karademir, BurcuAlliances under unipolarity operate with different logic than under bipolarity. Unipolarity makes the twin dangers of abandonment and entrapment more likely for the weaker states that need the unipole for the pursuit of their regional security interests. The article takes the US-Turkish relations within the context of Syrian conflict as exemplary and shows how the strategic discrepancies between the US-Turkish positions paved the way for Turkey’s abandonment in Syria. The article concludes that the unipole’s strategic alliance commitments are no longer reliable for regional allies to assume risky regional restructuring roles as they face the risk of abandonment on the halfway.Item Open Access Emigrations from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire : an analysis in the light of the new archival materials(Bilkent University, 2006) Yıldız, BeratThe aim of this study is to describe and evaluate a recently founded special registry book in the Ottoman Archives catalogued as BEO 291/1. The book gives various statistical data about the emigrants who were forced by the Russian Empire to emigrate to the Ottoman lands during the second half of the 19th century. Including the information about the immigrants, the registry book encompasses the six different places within the borders of Ottoman Empire. Besides the description of the book of 291/1, the thesis attempts to explain the settlement policy of the Ottoman Empire by analyzing the Adyge/Circassian settlements on the province of Ottoman Syria based on the data in the book with the help of other existing archival documents and monographs. Evidently, Ottoman Empire put deliberate policies into practice for the settlements of the immigrants who would become the loyal subjects to the Sultan in the next decades.Item Open Access Explaining duration of leadership change in Arab uprisings through perceived political opportunity structures : comparing Egypt and Syria(Bilkent University, 2016-09) Dinçer, Osman BahadırEgyptian President Mubarak was forced to leave office after turbulent public protests that lasted eighteen days in 2011. Yet, in the Syrian case, we have currently been witnessing a completely different state of affairs. Hence, this comparative work is an attempt at exploring the dynamics of change within the context of domestic politics in two of the most important ‘Arab Spring’ countries, Egypt and Syria. The present research seeks to answer the following question: During the recent uprisings in the Arab world, why has the removal from office of the incumbent leader is less likely in Syria when compared to Egypt? The purpose of this research is two-fold. First, it investigates whether or not the historical trajectories [particularly from early 1970s to 2011] of these two states indicate a substantial difference in terms of being politically open or closed and in having different institutions with different characteristics. Second, it examines to what extent the strategies implemented by the regimes during the uprisings (January 25, 2011- February 11, 2011 [Egypt] and March 2011-2014 [Syria]) influence the claim-making capabilities of those opposition groups and the structure of elite alliances within the society and political scene. This work mainly follows the ‘political process’ (political opportunity structures) and ‘framing’ understandings of recent social movement literature, which describe the available and perceived opportunities and constraints of a political and institutional environment in which actors operate. Apart from the theoretical frameworks, the concept of ‘Social Drama’, envisaged by Victor Turner, has been employed as a convenient template to render the dynamics of the political processes under investigation more comprehensible. The data from large numbers of in-depth interviews with over 60 local informants is supported by an extensive literature review that includes very recent scholarly works in order to achieve more accurate claims. What is aimed at here is understanding this particular region better based on theoretically informed in-depth case studies, complemented by comparisons.Item Open Access Fourty five years of Turkish foreign policy towards Syria : under the shadow of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(Bilkent University, 2005) Aydoğdu, Özay MuratThis thesis analyzes the Turkish-Syrian relations between 1945 and 1990 and examines whether there was an influence of the Soviet Union or not in relations between both states. Although Turkish foreign policy was accepted as pro-western oriented policy by academic environment, it can be said that Turkey was partly influenced by the Soviet Union in its policy towards Syria. Turkey established relations with Syria and Middle Eastern states in varying approaches, and adopted these approaches in order to be in harmony with the West. However, the Soviet Union was important in Turkish foreign policy towards Syria because Syria was a Soviet advocate in the Middle East and was supported widely by the Soviet Union. Although the opinion of the Turkish foreign policy was stemmed from the Soviet Union was widespread, Turkey used the Soviet menace for its domestic and international interests. On the contrary, especially in post-1960 policies, Turkey improved its relations with the Soviet Union while it established rapprochement with Arab states in order to keep its national interestsItem Open Access A life on top : a survey of stylite saints(Bilkent University, 2003) Aykanat Çam, İlkeThis thesis presents the available information about the stylite saints who lived during the Byzantine period within the borders of modern Turkey. Stylites are Christian ascetics who lived on top of columns. There are over a hundred stylites mentioned in written sources, who lived between the fifth century and the nineteenth century. The vast amount of information is diverse ranging from historical and literary evidence to art historical and archaeological remains. This evidence is evaluated in order to present the circumstances that led to the invention of stylitism and outline a stylite’s daily life. Later, the iconography of stylites is discussed. The last section of the work is reserved to the Monastery of St. Simeon the Younger in Samandağı near Antioch. The author hopes that this work has contributed to this interdisciplinary subject for the use of future studies.Item Open Access Mustafa Kemal'in Mondros Mütarekesi'ne tepkisi(Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, 2010) Kemal, Cemal7.Ordu Komutanı Mustafa Kemal Paşa, 26 Ekim 1918’de Halep kuzeyinde İngiliz ve Arap Ordularının taarruzunu durdurmayı başarmıştır. Ancak, İttifak Devletleri (Bulgaristan, Avusturya-Macaristan-Almanya)’nin mağlup olmalarına paralel olarak, İtilaf Devletleri adına İngiltere tarafından Suriye ve Irak Cepheleri’nden Anadolu’nun yumuşak karnı tehdit altında kalınca, Osmanlı Devleti 30 Ekim 1918’de Mondros Mütarekesi’ni imzalamak zorunda kalmıştır Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Mondros Mütarekesi’ nin sorumluluk bölgesindeki şartlarına şiddetle tepki göstermiş, ancak, Sadrazam Ahmet İzzet Paşa, Filistin Cephesi’nde komuta ettiği 7.Ordu ile Alman Mareşali Liman Von Sanders’ten teslim aldığı Yıldırım Ordular Grubunu lağvetmiş, kendisini de İstanbul’a çağırmıştır. Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Milli Mücadele’yi başlatmak üzere Samsun’a çıkışından itibaren, takip ettiği güzergâhını, kadrosunu, ordusunu ve askeri stratejisini büyük ölçüde Çanakkale, Kafkasya ve Filistin Cepheleri’nde kazanmış olduğu bilgi, beceri ve tecrübeye dayandırarak hedefine ulaştırmayı başarmıştır.Item Open Access ‘We are not barbarians’: gender politics and Turkey’s quest for the West(SAGE Publications Ltd., 2015-01-14) Bilgic, A.Turkey’s policy-makers have historically aimed to position Turkey within the West by convincing the latter that Turkey meets the ‘standards’ of the West, that they ‘are not barbarians’. This article aims to offer a gender analysis of Turkey’s relations with the West by showing how ‘devalorization’ as feminization and hypermasculinization of the non-West becomes a source of insecurity for non-Western policy-makers. This gendered ontological insecurity is intensified when they face a military threat from a third party. The argument is that Turkey’s policy-makers try to benefit from military crises in order to represent Turkey as a state meeting Western ‘standards’ of masculinity, and therefore to address its gendered ‘devalorization’. The analysis aims to contribute to the literatures of postcolonial feminism and non-Western insecurities.Item Open Access When Syrian ‘girls’ meet Turkish ‘boys’: mapping gendered stories of mixed marriages(Routledge, 2019-02) Akyüz, Selin; Tursun, ÖzgünThis article explores the gendered experiences and negotiations of Syrian refugee women throughout forced migration processes and the different strategies during family formation that both Turkish men and Syrian women develop in mixed marriages. Its aim is to unravel fluid gendered experiences that are different from ‘reported’ stereotypical stories in the media and ‘constructed’ in the society. By doing so, we argue that the partners’ narratives in these mixed marriages enable us to map the intricate ways in which agency is used and echoed gendered experiences of couples in forced migration and family formation. We conducted in-depth interviews with eight couples voicing different narratives on how they have negotiated with forms of hierarchies, discourses and how they have refined and transformed their refuge. The incorporation of agency into our analysis unpacked (1) heterogeneity of the spouses and their experiences; (2) potential gendered spaces/discourses to be transformed/refined; and (3) nuances of multifaceted impacts of forced migration. Hence, other than macro studies and tantalizing framings in media, this research offers a dynamic reading of gendered experiences to contribute to the growing literature on Syrian refugees.