Browsing by Subject "Securitization"
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Item Open Access Climate change and security: different perceptions, different approaches(Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği İktisadi İşletmesi, 2017) Baysal, Başar; Karakaş, UluçThe concerns about the results of climate change have been increasing as new scientific proofs emerge and people witness its direct effects in environmental catastrophes. There also have been different efforts to frame climate change as a security issue. This study aims to analyze different security approaches to climate change with a particular framework. The framework divides these approaches into two: opponents and proponents of the securitization of climate change. It also analyzes different approaches and logics within both camps. Finally, the study examines and evaluates the emerging literature on the “climatization of security” which focuses on the impacts of climate change on the understanding of security in the discipline of International Relations.Item Open Access Coercion by fear: securitization of Iraq prior to the 2003 war(Sage Publications, 2019-10) Baysal, BaşarThe Iraq War was one of the most prominent events of the early 2000s. The prelude to the war halted the sense of optimism that captivated International Relations as a discipline after the end of the Cold War. The United States initiated this war following a lengthy securitization process. This study focuses on analyzing the securitization process in Iraq prior to the 2003 war. To that end, the article investigates the securitization process by asking, “How, within what context, and when did the securitization of Iraq take place?” For the study, 85 speeches made by President Bush are analyzed to examine how the president presented Iraq as an existential threat. The study also examines the kinds of arguments used by the Bush administration in securitizing Iraq. This study contributes to the literature on the 2003 Iraq War and security studies by applying Securitization Theory to the Iraq case by incorporating two essential contributions to the securitization analysis: context and audience(s).Item Open Access Constructing security in colombia : the case of FARC(Bilkent University, 2017-06) Baysal, BaşarThis study introduces a new framework for critical security studies to examine the production of security issues, particularly in hybrid democracies. Like the other critical security approaches, this new framework has a constructivist ontology and an interpretivist epistemology. On the other hand, this new framework addresses the critics of the already existing approaches. As novel features, the new framework, regards the process of (in)securitization as a whole process and examines it in three phases: definition, construction, and (in)securitization-in-action; it takes both bottom-up and top-down characteristics of the process of (in)securitization into consideration and examines both macro-level decision-making processes and discursive efforts and micro-level security practices; it takes rival voices into consideration and provides a dual framework for analysis which examines nonviolent opposition and counter-(in)securitizations; it integrates new units like the opposition and sufferers; it examines the context of the process of (in)securitization by particularly focusing on the historical background and the level of democracy; it divides the security professionals into three levels: strategic, operational and tactical; it examines the insecuritizing consequences of (in)securitization as well as its process; finally, and most importantly, it eliminates the state-centric approach and it can problematize non-state actors too. In addition to these theoretical contributions, the dissertation applies this new framework to the case of dual (in)securitization of FARC and the Colombia state. By that way, it both present the functioning of the framework and examines one of the longest and deadliest internal conflicts of the last century through the lenses of (in)securitization framework.Item Open Access Europeanization of foreign policy of a candidate country : an evaluation of Turkey's policy towards Cyprus (2002-2012)(Bilkent University, 2015) Hisarlıoğlu, FulyaThis thesis has analyzed the dynamics, conditions and determinants of the EU’s transformative impact on a candidate state’s foreign policy. Concerned with the question of how the process of EU accession shapes candidate states’ policies, this case study questions how the machinery of Europeanization, interacting with the national factors and context, works in the transformation of Turkey’s policy towards Cyprus. Inspired by the premises of the studies on Accession Europeanization, the study is designed to understand the impact of the EU external pressures in shaping Turkey’s Cyprus policy between 2002 and 2012. In the light of the time processing analysis, the study suggests that the transformative impact of the EU in Ankara’s approach towards the Cyprus issue in the long-run is best explained by the actorcentered “external incentives model”. In this sense the study concludes that domestic actors’ perception of the EU membership process and the ways in which EU adaptation pressures intervenes in the domestic institutional equilibrium determine EU’s transformative power.Item Open Access The politics of studying securitization? the Copenhagen School in Turkey(Sage Publications Ltd., 2011) Bilgin, P.Copenhagen School securitization theory has made significant inroads into the study of security in Western Europe. In recent years, it has also begun to gain a presence elsewhere. This is somewhat unanticipated. Given the worldwide prevalence of mainstream approaches to security, the nature of peripheral international relations, and the Western European origins and focus of the theory, there is no obvious reason to expect securitization theory to have a significant presence outside Western Europe. Adopting a reflexive notion of theory allows, the article argues, inquiry into the politics of studying security, which in turn reveals how the Western European origins and focus of securitization theory may be a factor enhancing its potential for adoption by others depending on the historico-political context. Focusing on the case of Turkey, the article locates the security literature of that country in the context of debates on accession to the European Union and highlights how securitization theory is utilized by Turkey's authors as a 'Western European approach' to security.Item Open Access Rearticulation of Turkish foreign policy its impacts on national/state identity and state society relations in Turkey : the Cyprus case(Bilkent University, 2003) Kaliber, AlperThe central problematic of this dissertation is how, in what ways and to what extent ‘foreign’ political discourses and representations are instrumentalized by the state apparatus in the constitution and maintenance of domestic political order and state identity in a given polity. In that respect, this study assuming a dialogical interplay between internal and international political processes and structures aims to re-examine and problematize the Turkish official discourse on the Cyprus question. Doing this, it is intended for critically questioning the role and impact of those discourses in the reproduction of the state identity and the state society relations in Turkey. Despite an increasing body of contemporary literature on the question, there still exists an urgent need for a brand new approach critically examining Turkey’s official Cyprus discourse from the viewpoint of power/domination relations in Turkey. This dissertation considering the restrictions and weaknesses of the mainstream scholarship proposes a new conceptual/analytical framework and research agenda facilitating the reassessment of Cyprus question and its implications in restructuring and/or securing the domestic politics in Turkey. In this context, the main argument of this thesis work is that the modes in which the Cyprus question is discursively framed and/or represented by the Turkish state elite within domestic politics are inherent to the reconstruction of state society relations and state identity in Turkey. Drawing on the post-structuralist and constructivist IR theories, I do propose that the official and mainstream understandings coding and fixing the Cyprus dispute primarily as an issue of state’s security and ‘a national cause’ around which the unity and cohesion of Turkish society should necessarily be guaranteed has a two-fold function: First, they ensure the continual reorganization of Turkish political life in full conformity with the priorities and policy objectives articulated by the state elite. This grants them the power and capacity of inscribing the boundaries of the political space and disciplining the political imagination. Second, they ensure the maintenance of the state society relations in its conventional and hierarchical terms in such a way as to reproduce the former’s supremacy over and independence from the latter.Item Open Access Securing the ground through securitized 'foreign' policy: the Cyprus case(Sage Publications Ltd., 2005-09) Kaliber, A.Particularly since the beginning of the new millennium, the Cyprus issue that had hitherto been successfully securitized and bureaucratized has turned out to be the main 'discursive battlefield' of the polarization among ruling elites in Turkey. Framed within a historical perspective, the present article re-examines Turkey's security discourse on Cyprus with particular reference to its implications for the (re)configuration of political balances and power relations between the conservative state elite - namely, the civilian and military bureaucracy - and the reformist political elite in Turkey. It concludes that the security language devised by the Turkish 'foreign' policy and security establishment has been operational in both inscribing the legitimate boundaries of the political sphere and crippling the manoeuvring ability of governments vis-à-vis the strong bureaucratic establishment in Turkey. The article also aims at encouraging the reader to critically reflect on power politics of 'foreign' policyrnaking in Turkey and its implications for domestic politics.Item Open Access Securitization of migration in official discourse in Turkey in post-Cold War Era(Bilkent University, 2021-09) Fişne Yavuz, Mehlika AyşeSince the end of the Cold War, Turkey has become a destination country for the human mobility of people who are not of 'Turkish descent and culture’. For the first time in the history of the Republic, Turkey has become a destination and not only a transit country. The thesis is interested in the changing official responses of the Republic to this transition. The question asked is whether and/or in what ways major human mobility cases to Turkey in the post-Cold War Era were securitized in the official discourse of the Republic. The cases that are focused on are the mobility of the 1989 Ethnic Turks of Bulgaria, and the Northern Iraqis in 1991, mobility from the post-Soviet countries and from the Central African countries since the early 1990s, and post-2011 Syrian human mobility. While examining this question, the thesis adopts the perspective of securitization theory and looks to see whether these human mobilities were portrayed as a threat to Turkey’s national security or not.Item Open Access Securitization, militarization and gender in Turkey(Bilkent University, 2006) Yağanoğlu, SetenayThe process of securitization reflects the dominant security understanding and the forces that play on this security understanding in a country. In Turkey, this process of securitization is experienced in close relation to militarization. With four military interventions since the republic was established, - two of which were full-scale coups d’état. - Turkey has gone through an intensified process of militarization that has affected the process of securitization. These processes are constructed, but claimed to be “natural” for the securitization to work smoothly. This construction is based on a gendered understanding and discourse especially with the way that the security agenda is constituted, which helps for consalidation of the dominant security understanding. With the effect of militarization on the process of securitization, the security agenda is formed with the state as the sole referent object, and this results in the individual security being taken for granted. Furthermore, the state can also be a source of threat for individual security within this relationship of securitization and militarization. The militarized understanding of security and the close relationship between the processes of securitization and militarization results in a hierarchical attitude towards events and developments where individual security in general, and the security of women in particular, are neglected. This thesis analyzes the relationship between the processes of securitization and militarization and shows their gendered construction in Turkey.