Browsing by Subject "Proportionality"
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Item Open Access Essays in collective decision making(Bilkent University, 2014-10) Derya, Ayşe MutluFour different problems in collective decision making are studied, all of which are either formulated directly in a game-theoretical context or are concerned with neighboring research areas. The rst two problems fall into the realm of cooperative game theory. In the first one, a decomposition of transferable utility games is introduced. Based on that decomposition, the structure of the set of all transferable utility games is analyzed. Using the decomposition and the notion of minimal balanced collections, a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a transferable utility game to have a singleton core is given. Then, core selective allocation rules that, when confronted with a change in total cost, not only distribute the initial cost in the same manner as before, but also treat the remainder in a consistent way are studied. Core selective rules which own a particular kind of additivity that turns out to be relevant in this context are also characterized. In the second problem, different notions of merge proofness for allocation rules pertaining to transferable utility games are introduced. Relations between these merge proofness notions are studied, and some impossibility as well as possibility results for allocation rules are established, which are also extended to allocation correspondences. The third problem deals with networks. A characterization of the Myerson value with two axioms is provided. The first axiom considers a situation where there is a change in the value function at a network g along with all networks containing g. At such a situation, the axiom requires that this change is to be divided equally between all the players in g who are not isolated. The second axiom requires that if the value function assigns zero to each network, then each player gets zero payo at each network. Modifying the rst axiom, along a characterization of the Myerson value, a characterization of the position value is also provided. Finally, the fourth problem is concerned with social choice theory which deals with collective decision making in a society. A characterization of the Borda rule for a given set of alternatives with a variable number of voters is studied on the domain of weak preferences, where indi erences between alternatives are allowed at agents' preferences. A new property, which we refer to as degree equality, is introduced. A social choice rule satis es degree equality if and only if, for any two pro les of two nite sets of voters, equality between the sums of the degrees of every alternative under these two pro les implies that the same alternatives get chosen at both of them. The Borda rule is characterized by the conjunction of faithfulness, reinforcement, and degree equality on the domain of weak preferences.Item Open Access The principle of proportionality in modern ius gentium(Ubiquity Press Ltd., 2021-02-23) Uçaryılmaz, TalyaThe principle of proportionality refers to the criteria for fair and optimal balancing of interests. It is widely applied to international disputes and has gained institutional and scholarly acceptance in the field of international law. This paper aims to explore the longue durée of the principle, drawing on an interdisciplinary perspective on international law. It affirms the traditional role of proportionality in international legal sphere and values its familiar role in introducing flexibility in law, remaining close to its conventional interpretation. However, the paper also questions its contemporary ethos, as it is based historically on its relation to equity. To this end, it examines the historical roots of the principle as part of the early modern law of nations, as well as how such a general principle should be seen as applicable to private relationships. The aim is therefore to re-think the principle of proportionality in modern ius gentium as based on how public and private law principles need to be interpreted relative to each other and continue to be shaped continuously as an extension of their shared history. It is in this sense that we can examine the need for equity in the international sphere, which will be demonstrated concretely for three distinct areas where proportionality predominates: the law of war, the law of maritime delimitation and international human rights law.Item Open Access The relationship between indirect expropriations and non-compensatory regulatory measures(Bilkent University, 2022-09) Önder, Beyza EdaThis thesis seeks to explore the relationship between indirect expropriations and regulatory measures. Expropriations mostly occur in the form of indirect expropriations, where a state’s regulatory measures cause the investor to lose any benefit it has in its investment. However, it is difficult to distinguish indirect expropriations from regulatory measures that do not require compensation. How this difficult balance is maintained will be explored in this thesis. This thesis first focuses on the key notions of expropriation and regulatory measure. It then explores the different ways the relationship between expropriations and regulatory measures is approached before elaborating on the criteria that are used to distinguish indirect expropriations from non-compensable regulatory measures. Finally, this thesis addresses indirect expropriations with environmental concerns.