Browsing by Subject "Political violence"
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Item Open Access Breaking the bank: effects of domestic conflict on the banking sector in Turkey(Routledge, 2023-10-02) Arı, Emine; Bayer, Reşat; Kemahlıoğlu, ÖzgeAlthough banks occupy a central role in most (post-)conflict situations, there is a perplexing lack of attention to them in studies of political violence. As a case experiencing domestic conflict with varying degrees in the last decades, Turkey offers opportunities to understand how the banking sector, including state deposit banks, responds to such political violence. We focus on the short-term impact of political violence and address the following questions: Do all actors in the sector respond in similar ways to security threats? Is there variation according to conflict intensity? We shed light on these puzzles with an analysis of original data on bank ownership, bank branches, bank deposit amounts, and bank credits. We show that banks with profit incentives respond to conflict by lowering their presence in provinces hit by these attacks. In comparison, our finding that deposits in high conflict intensity areas are not affected suggests that it is indeed economic actors outside high intensity regions that are more sensitive to short-time changes in security compared to local ones. Overall, the results demonstrate that political violence hurts banks’ presence in conflict locations and their presence matters through credit provision to these areas.Item Open Access Domestic diversion: Selective targeting of minority out-groups(Sage Publications, 2019) Klein, G. R.; Tokdemir, EfeDomestic political use of force is a strategy for political leaders to divert the public’s attention away from economic instability and rebuild political capital. But, diversionary incentives are not the only motivation; the targeted vulnerable minority’s capabilities are important. We analyze how the combination of diversionary incentive and out-group mobilization capabilities influences leaders’ decision-calculus. Embattled leaders make strategic decisions about both the target and the adequate severity of force to accomplish diversion without risking conflict escalation. We empirically test the resulting hypotheses using the Minorities at Risk dataset from 1998 to 2003 and find support for our expectations. Incentive alone does not determine domestic political use of force; the same incentive produces variance in the severity of force dependent on the targeted out-group’s mobilization capability. Governments match the severity of domestic force to political survival goals and the costs and risks of political use of force.Item Open Access Grieving mothers who nurture sustainable peace and women’s political agency in Argentina(Springer Nature, 2023) Whetstone, Crystal MariePolitical violence in Argentina has shifted from direct, albeit sometimes veiled, state action during the military dictatorship that ended in 1983 to today’s combination of open direct action, inaction and covert action by the state. This chapter examines the collective agency of women’s groups mobilized through maternal grief against political violence, asking: How does motherhood activism contribute to sustainable, full peace in an Argentina marked by evolving forms of political violence? By tracing empowered constructions of motherhood through three cases – Madres de Plaza de Mayo (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo), Madres contra el Paco (Mothers against Paco) and Mamà Cultiva Argentina (Mom Cultivates Argentina) – this chapter demonstrates that women’s political agency enacted through motherhood activism contributes to sustainable peace through the pursuit of accountability as well as economic and political equality, and adapts to varying deployments of political violence. The results of this motherhood activism have bolstered human rights, social justice and democracy in Argentina. The implications of these findings point to progressive and emancipatory potentials through motherhood for both women’s political agency and sustainable peacebuilding in various political environments including, authoritarian, transitioning and (deficiently) democratic.Item Restricted Kırılgan(1988) Somay, BülentItem Restricted Mesele çıkarmak(1989) Çutsay, Adalet