Browsing by Subject "Perception"
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Item Open Access Aviation risk perception: a comparison between experts and novices(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2004) Thomson, M. E.; Önkal D.; Avcioǧlu, A.; Goodwin, P.This article describes an exploratory investigation of the risk perceptions of experts and novices in relation to helicopter operations, under conditions where the participants are matched on various characteristics previously found to affect perceptions, such as demographic, gender, and background factors. The study reports considerable evidence of perceptual differences between the two participant groups (i.e., expert pilots and candidate pilots). We find that the experts' perceptions of relative risks are more veridical, in terms of their higher correlation with the true relative frequencies. A significant positive correlation between the flight hours and the contextual risk-taking tendency is also shown, leading the experienced pilots' choices toward risky alternatives in scenarios - a potential result of their overconfidence based on superior task performance. Possible explanations are offered for the findings and potential avenues for future research are identified.Item Restricted Belleklerde Madimak ve şair Zerrin Taşpınar'ın anıları(Bilkent University, 2020) Ergen, Derya Deniz; Oymagil, Elif; Naktiyok, Gökçen Nilay; Öndin, Ilgaz; Canbaz, Miray YaseminBu makalede, 2 Temmuz 1993 tarihinde Sivas'ta gerçekleşen olayı hazırlayan siyasi, ekonomik ve toplumsal zemin, olay günü yaşananlar, olayın belleklerde edindiği yer ve algılanışı olaydan sağ çıkan Zerrin Taşpınar'ın anlatımı esas alınarak incelenecektir. Yakın tarihte Türkiye'nin gündemini değiştiren, kitleleri etkileyen bu olayın üzerinde; travma, toplumsal hafıza ve algı kavramlarına öncelik verilerek durulacaktır.Item Open Access Cognitive and emotional representations of terror attacks: a cross-cultural exploration(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2007) Shiloh, S.; Güvenç, G.; Önkal D.A questionnaire measuring cognitive and affective representations of terror risk was developed and tested in Turkey and Israel. Participants in the study were university students from the two countries (n = 351). Four equivalent factors explained terror risk cognitions in each sample: costs, vulnerability, trust, and control. A single negative emotionality factor explained the affective component of terror risk representations in both samples. All factors except control could be measured reliably. Results supported the validity of the questionnaire by showing expected associations between cognitions and emotions, as well as indicating gender differences and cultural variations. Current findings are discussed in relation to previous results, theoretical approaches, and practical implications.Item Open Access A decision theoretic approach to motion saliency in computer animations(Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011) Arpa, Sami; Bülbül, Abdullah; Çapın, TolgaWe describe a model to calculate saliency of objects due to their motions. In a decision-theoretic fashion, perceptually significant objects inside a scene are detected. The work is based on psychological studies and findings on motion perception. By considering motion cues and attributes, we define six motion states. For each object in a scene, an individual saliency value is calculated considering its current motion state and the inhibition of return principle. Furthermore, a global saliency value is considered for each object by covering their relationships with each other and equivalence of their saliency value. The position of the object with highest attention value is predicted as a possible gaze point for each frame in the animation. We conducted several eye-tracking experiments to practically observe the motion-attention related principles in psychology literature. We also performed some final user studies to evaluate our model and its effectiveness. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.Item Open Access Development of a mixed-method approach to analyze walkability: a case on two urban residential neighborhoods in Ankara(Bilkent University, 2021-08) Seles, EmreIn these times when the devastating effects of global warming are felt, giving up fossil fuels and developing active transportation routes are prerequisites for sustainability in the cities. Walkability was introduced as a key factor in urban planning and the promotion of healthier, environmentally friendly, economically productive, and socially active communities. The main aim of this study is to propose a mixed-method that combines exploratory factor analysis, multi-criteria decision-making analysis, and mapping techniques to analyze the walkability of existing and newly developing urban neighborhood settlements in a metropolitan city and to contribute to the literature in this field. Based on the theories and researches the relationship between perceived and objectively measured walkability was analyzed. This study proposes a bottom-up approach for investigating the walkability factors, rather than seeing walkability as an index of pre-set criteria. The emergent perceived walkability parameters derived from the exploratory factor analysis provided fruitful results for both Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis and Multi-Criteria Overlay Walkability Maps. The findings of this study will provide important clues for both city planners and decision-makers to analyze walkability.Item Open Access The effectiveness of audiobooks on pronunciation skills of EFL learners at different proficiency levels(Bilkent University, 2015) Saka, ZeynepThis study mainly explored the effectiveness of audiobooks on pronunciation skills of university level EFL students at different proficiency levels. This study also aimed to find out whether a difference in students’ pronunciation skills as a result of exposure to audiobooks occurs based on their proficiency levels. Lastly, students’ perceptions about audiobooks and their effectiveness on pronunciation learning and teaching were also investigated in the study. This study was conducted with the participation of 65 students from elementary, pre-intermediate, and intermediate levels at Uludağ University School of Foreign Languages. Among the most problematic phonemes for Turkish EFL learners to pronounce correctly, six phonemes were selected to be explored in the study. Three audiobooks from three different proficiency levels were chosen for the study and participants listened to each of the audiobooks. In order to investigate the effectiveness of audiobooks on pronunciation skills both on sound recognition and production levels of university EFL students, sound recognition and production tests, which were prepared by including the selected problematic phonemes, were administered to the students before and after audiobook listening period. Before and after the audiobook listening session, the students were administered a questionnaire with the intent to find out their perceptions about the effectiveness of audiobooks on their pronunciation. In order to address the second research question which is about the effects of audiobooks on pronunciation skills, the mean values and standard deviations were calculated and compared between the first and second test performances of the students. In order to answer the second research question which is about the effects of audiobooks on pronunciation skills of EFL learners at different level, the test results of the elementary, pre-intermediate and intermediate level students were compared to investigate any difference in the effectiveness of audiobooks on pronunciation skills according to proficiency levels. Analysis of the data revealed that audiobook listening is effective on both recognition and production aspects of pronunciation skills of university EFL students, and it appeared to have a greater effect on pre-intermediate level students than it did on elementary and intermediate level students. The results from the questionnaire showed that students had positive perspectives about audiobooks and their effects on pronunciation. Finally, the study emphasizes the importance of audiobooks, suggesting that teachers can incorporate them as an alternative approach to traditional pronunciation teaching practices.Item Open Access Effects of different lighting arrangements on space perception(Bilkent University, 1997) Yücetaş, BanuThe importance given to the quality of lighting design has increased in recent years. This makes lighting design more an art than an engineering problem and it is closely related to the way a space is perceived. It is difficult to discuss perception as it is the subjective interpretation of a certain situation. This study concentrates on the quality of lighting and the relation between the lighting arrangements and perception. A room that has four different lighting arrangements was prepared and the differences between the perception of the participants under each lighting arrangement was analyzed in terms of the six impressions, clarity, spaciousness, relaxation, privacy, pleasantness and order. The variation in these terms due to the alterations in the lighting systems was studied. The age, gender and the eye deficiency of participants were collected as personal data and their relations to the process of perception were taken into account.Item Open Access Effects of different lighting arrangements on space perception(Taylor & Francis, 1999) Manav, B.; Yener, C.The idea to improve the quality of lighting design in interior spaces has gained importance in the last years. This experimental study concentrateson the quality of lighting and the relation between lighting arrangements and perception. A room having four different lighting arrangements was prepared and the differences between the perception of the participants under each lighting arrangement was analysed. The results suggested that different lighting arrangements affect perception. Wall washing enhanced the impressions of clarity and order, cove lighting enhanced spaciousness and order and uplighting made the same space relaxing, private and pleasant.Item Open Access Enforcing creativity in graphic design(Bilkent University, 2002) Erdurak, Naciye DerinEnforcing creativity in basic design is as important as giving students the design principles and elements. During their first year all design students are taking basic design courses in order to learn those principles and elements but starting from their first year education, creativity must also be enforced. This thesis is a research which is trying to find proper and direct ways to achieve this goal under the light of previous research and studies, with present basic design students.Item Open Access Expanded video: creating an alternative reality through merging 360-degree video and Glitch Art(Bilkent University, 2018-09) Aydınat, MelihThis thesis investigates the merging of 360-degree video with Glitch Art in a form of ‘Virtual Reality’ experience while creating an alternative reality. The technological development in the field of Virtual Reality made it through daily life. However, this development causes problems such as misidentifying 360-degree video as VR. On the other hand, the rise of Glitch Art aesthetics, what makes it another hot topic of video field. Through merging Glitch Art and 360-degree video, ‘Reciprocal Reality’ project aims to create a VR-like experience while leaving the meaning of it to the spectator, at the same time creating a communication between the artist and the spectator via noise.Item Open Access Global disorder and the limits of 'dialogue'(Routledge, 2008) Salt, J.Since 2001 (designated as the UN Year of Dialogue Among Civilisations) several initiatives have been developed as a means of resolving problems whose causes have been ascribed, primarily by Samuel Huntington and Bernard Lewis, to civilisational difference. This article questions responses to the 'clash of civilisations' thesis which seem to accept the postulates on which it is based. It suggests that while dialogue is an indispensable tool of social cohesion, the source of many of the problems that pose a continuing threat to regional and global order is not 'civilisational difference' but the failure of governments to comply with international laws and conventions they have sworn to uphold. The explanation that 'civilisational difference' is the root cause of global disorder allows them to sidestep responsibility for the consequences of their own policies. Manipulation of the United Nations at the level of the Security Council is further evidence that the answer to global problems lies in redressing the failings of an entrenched world system that is based far more on power and state perceptions of self-interest than justice. The clearest evidence of structural weakness in the international system is to be found in the Middle East, where the UN Secretary-General's former special representative to the 'peace process', Alvaro de Soto, has drawn attention to the disjunction between public declarations of good intentions and high-level manipulation of this 'process' by powerful actors from behind the scenes. The article concludes that where dialogue is not the problem, it cannot be the solution.Item Open Access A group-based approach for gaze behavior of virtual crowds incorporating personalities(John Wiley and Sons, 2018) Ağıl, U.; Güdükbay, UğurPredicting interest points of virtual characters and accurately simulating their gaze behavior play a significant role for realistic crowd simulations. We propose a saliency model that enables virtual agents to produce plausible gaze behavior. The model measures the effects of distinct saliency features implemented by examining the state-of-the-art perception studies. When predicting an agent's interest point, we compute the saliency scores by using a weighted sum function for other agents and environment objects in the field of view of the agent for each frame. Then, we determine the most salient entity for each agent in the scene; thus, agents gain a visual understanding of their environment. Besides, our model introduces new aspects to crowd perception, such as perceiving characters as groups of people and applying social norms on crowd gaze behavior, effects of agent personality on gaze, gaze copy phenomena, and effects of agent velocity on attention. For evaluation, we compare the resulting saliency gaze model with real-world crowd behavior in captured videos. In the experiments, we simulate the gaze behavior in real crowds. The results show that the proposed approach generates plausible gaze behaviors and is easily adaptable to varying scenarios for virtual crowds.Item Open Access Halkın genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünlere/üretilme süreçlerine yönelik algıları ve etik inançları(Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi, 2013) Özgen, Ö.; Emiroğlu, Haluk; Serpen, A. S.; Benlioğlu, B.Bu araştırmanın amacı, halkın genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünlere ve üretilme süreçlerine yönelik fayda/risk algıları ile etik inançları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma materyalinin toplanmasında karşılıklı görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Likert tipi cümlelere verilen yanıtlar puanlanmış, geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizi yapılmıştır. Yaş değişkenine bağlı farklılığın belirlenebilmesi için t-testi uygulanmıştır. Bireylerin genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünlere/üretilme süreçlerine bağlı fayda/risk algıları ile etik inançları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amacı ile Pearson korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular; halkın genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünlere ilişkin fayda algılarının, genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünlere ve üretilme süreçlerine ilişkin risk algılarının, genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünlere ve üretilme süreçlerine ilişkin etik inançlarının yaşa bağlı olarak değiştiğini göstermektedir. Pearson korelasyon analizi sonucunda p<0.001 düzeyinde anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmıştır.Item Open Access How the ocean personality model affects the perception of crowds(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2011) Durupınar, F.; Pelechano, N.; Allbeck, J. M.; Güdükbay, Uğur; Badler, N. I.A personality model named High-Density Autonomous Crowds (HiDAC) simulation system provides individual differences by assigning each person different psychological and physiological traits. Users normally set these parameters to model a crowd's nonuniformity and diversity. The approach creates plausible variations in the crowd and enables novice users to dictate these variations by combining a standard personality model with a high-density crowd simulation. HiDAC addresses the simulation of local behaviors and the global wayfinding of crowds in a dynamically changing environment. It directs autonomous agents' behavior by combining geometric and psychological rules. HiDAC handles collisions through avoidance and response forces. Over long distances, the system applies collision avoidance so that agents can steer around obstacles. HiDAC assigns people specific behaviors. The number of actions they complete depends on their curiosity.Item Open Access Impact of lighting arrangements and illuminances on different impressions of a room(Elsevier, 2007) Durak, A.; Camgöz Olguntürk, N.; Yener, C.; Güvenç, D.; Gürçinar, Y.This study explores whether different lighting arrangements (general lighting, wall washing and cove lighting) and different illuminances (500 and 320 lux) could affect the perception of the same space. An experimental study was conducted to investigate how the qualitative aspects of space (the impressions of a space) could be enhanced with lighting. Hundred participants were first asked to choose the most suitable lighting arrangement for each impression (clarity, spaciousness, relaxation, privacy, pleasantness and order) under the 500 lux illuminance. In the second stage, they were asked to compare the two illuminances (500 and 320 lux) for the lighting arrangement they selected in the first stage. There was a statistically significant relation between impressions and lighting arrangements, also between impressions and lighting levels. Thus, different lighting arrangements and lighting levels could be used to enhance the clarity, spaciousness, relaxation, privacy, pleasantness and order of a room. The results of this study found most suitable lighting arrangements with their illuminances for each impression, which is reported in the paper. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Item Open Access Inter-ethnic (In)tolerance between Turks and Kurds: Implications for Turkish Democratisation(Routledge, 2017) Sarigil, Z.; Karakoc, E.Using public opinion survey data, this study investigates the determinants of inter-ethnic (in)tolerance among Turks and Kurds in Turkey. Our empirical analyses show that, compared with Turks, Kurds have a relatively higher level of tolerance towards the ethnic out-group. Our findings also suggest that different dynamics and factors mould Turks’ and Kurds’ tolerance towards ethnic out-group members. Religiosity, (ethno)nationalist orientations, inter-ethnic contact, threat perception and economic factors are the most consistent variables shaping Turks’ tolerance towards Kurds. In contrast, religion-related factors and inter-ethnic social contact do not have a statistically significant effect on Kurds’ tolerance towards Turks. (Ethno)nationalist orientations, however, appear to reduce Kurds’ tolerance. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Item Open Access Is Culture a superficial barrier to global marketing?: A Case study of food and drink products in Turkey(Bilkent University, 1989) Sezer, SibelIn a world of converging needs and desires, globally standardizing products would lead to lower production costs, improved quality of products as well as management. The validity of this argument proposed by "global marketing" is discussed taking into consideration the differences existing within cultures and whether culture is in fact a barrier to globalization. A study was conducted in order to explore whether global marketing strategies can be successful in Turkey for food and drink products competing with local counterparts with regard to age, sex and so c i o economic status comparisons.Item Open Access No evidence for a common factor underlying visual abilities in healthy older people(American Psychological Association, 2019) Shaqiri, A.; Pilz, K. S.; Cretenoud, A. F.; Neumann, K.; Clarke, Aaron; Kunchulia, M.; Herzog, M. H.The world’s population is aging at an increasing rate. Even in the absence of neurodegenerative disorders, healthy aging affects perception and cognition. In the context of cognition, common factors are well established. Much less is known about common factors for vision. Here, we tested 92 healthy older and 104 healthy younger participants in 19 visual tests (including visual search and contrast sensitivity) and three cognitive tests (including verbal fluency and digit span). Unsurprisingly, younger participants performed better than older participants in almost all tests. Surprisingly, however, the performance of older participants was mostly uncorrelated between visual tests, and we found no evidence for a common factor.Item Open Access Observational cinema and embodied vision(Bilkent University, 2011) Uslu, AyşeThe aim of this study is to discuss the notion of embodiment in respect of Merleau Ponty's philosophy of phenomenology and its relation to observational cinema. For this aim, this thesis dwells on the embodied nature of perception of seeing and its relation to epistemological approaches that understand the process of thinking and knowing either based on dualisms of body and mind, subject and object or interdependency of them. It is argued that phenomenological understanding of bodily experience provides a basis for the constitution of knowledge without a separation of thought and sensuous experience, self and other. Thus, when the cinema is considered as a way of thinking through images or producing knowledge via images, phenomenological perspectives allows us to understand filmmaking, film viewing and film experience in general considering embodied recprocity between images of and our own bodily experience in the world. Since the underlying idea is that language and body involve in each other within experience as being in the world and the body as the house of the language is the structuring structure of it by preceding it.Item Open Access A perceptional model to understand immersion(Bilkent University, 2009) Alper, C. ArmağanThe aim of this study is to offer a new model for the concept of immersion based on the process of perception in humans. The motivation behind the study is that although the concept of immersion points to an important experience both in various media and daily life, current approaches to the concept do not provide an analytical framework needed for understanding it. This study offers a cognitive and parameter based model which is based on the perception theory put forward by Henri Bergson in his book Matter and Memory. The model makes possible the analysis of the concept of immersion in terms of various cognitive and physical factors.