Browsing by Subject "Masculinities"
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Item Open Access Bureaucratization(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.Bureaucracy, or bureaucratization, refers to routinized, deper-sonalized, and dispersed processes devoted to the execution of a variety of administrative tasks, and to the regulation and assessment of these tasks. Within a bureaucratic system of governance, authority is dispersed and disconnected from ownership or physical production. Notions of a “bureaucratic manhood,” or a “bureaucratic team player,” slowly began to appear in U.S. society as bureaucratic systems of governance and administration emerged after 1830. This development enabled men to articulate masculine power and authority out-side the contexts of craft skills (which were slowly displaced by industrialization after 1830) and ownership and entrepreneurial control (which were transformed by corporatization after 1880). In addition, a mode of bureaucratic manhood gained ground after 1880 that linked masculinity to the exerciseItem Open Access Class(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.The economic and social transformations engendered by industrialization, urbanization, and the emergence of a market economy in the nineteenth century led to processes of class formation, class difference, and class identity that have profoundly shaped definitions of manliness in the United States. A man's position in the process of production, the type of work he performs, and the amount of managerial and entrepreneurial control he exercises are determinants of class status and are intricately connected to notions of masculinity and gender. As an expression of a man's economic status, and of the cultural attitudes and perceptions that it engenders, class and class difference are connected to articulations of gender and manliness in U.S. society.Item Open Access Cold War(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.The Cold War, which began after World War II and lasted through the 1980s, was a geopolitical rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union grounded in an ideological rivalry between capitalism and communism. The Cold War raised concerns about both external and internal threats to American strength, social stability, and security, and particularly to material abundance, middle-class lifestyles, and cultural norms about masculinity. Motivated by fears of emasculation, effeminization, and homosexuality, Americans anxiously defined their nation and their way of life in terms culturally associated with masculinity, including power, diplomatic and military assertiveness, economic success, sexual and physical prowess, moral righteousness, and patriotism.Item Open Access Erkekliğin Yol Hali: “Sarı Mercedes” ve “Otobüs” Filmlerinde Erkeklik Kurguları(Ankara Üniversitesi KASAUM, 2017) Akyüz, Selin; Dabak, B.Bu çalışma Tunç Okan’ın Otobüs (1974) ve Sarı Mercedes (1992) filmlerindeki erkeklik temsillerini analiz edecektir. Filmler, genelde göç, özelde yolda olma hali bağlamında tartışılacaktır. Tartışmanın teorik arka planında Spivak’ın (1992) “madun konuşabilir mi?” ve Maggio’nun (2007) “madun duyulabilir mi?” soruları ödünç alınarak iki film tartışılacaktır. Çalışmanın ana sorusu, eğer erkeğin erkekliği hep başka iktidar formlarının nezdinde, onlarla ilişkili ve onlar tarafından üretiliyor ve aynı zamanda başka iktidar formlarını üretebiliyorsa; bu iktidar formlarının olmadığı ya da etkisinin azaldığı göçme haline bağlı yersiz yurtsuzluk halinde erkeklik kurgusu nasıl kırılıyor ve nasıl tamir ediliyor etrafında şekillenmektedir. Madunun konuşamadığı, kimlik olarak yer bulamadığı, mekan hakimiyetini kaybettiği Otobüs filminde, iktidarın kurumsallaştırdığı aygıtlar üzerinde hakimiyetini kaybetmiş bir erkeklik kurgusu öne çıkmaktadır. Sarı Mercedes filminde ise konuşan ama duyulamayan madun, herhangi bir mekana ait değildir. Kırılmış, çizilmiş erkekliğinin ikamesi arabasıdır ancak filmin sonunda o da “perte çıkmıştır”. Yol aracılığıyla bağlamdan kopup madunlaşan erkeklikler bastırılmış ya da kışkırtılmıştır.Item Open Access Gilded Age(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.The Gilded Age (1873–1900) takes its name from the title of an 1873 novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner. The social transformations that prompted Twain and Warner to characterize this period as materialistic, shallow, and corrupt also affected definitions of manliness. Amid the increasing pace and growing scale of urban industrial life, the Gilded Age witnessed the emergence of corporate and bureaucratic structures, new technologies, new forms of work, and changing career paths for men. Those who considered work, productive effort, and artisanal or entrepreneurial autonomy critical to their definitions of manliness found themselves in a social setting that no longer seemed to furnish men of different class backgrounds with a sense of achievement.Item Open Access Industrialization(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.The process of industrialization, which began in the United States during the early nineteenth century, had an enormous impact on American constructions of masculinity. It complicated preindustrial notions of manhood based on male patriarchal control over family and household, while also generating new and often class-based definitions of gender. For some segments of the male population, industrialization eroded two critical foundations of preindustrial male patriarchy: It reduced the importance of property ownership and moved productive, income-generating labor out of the home. In doing so, it opened up opportunities for social and cultural experimentation with definitions of manhood both in and outside the workplace.Item Open Access Market Revolution(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.The term market revolution describes a succession of economic and technological changes that transformed U.S. society between 1825 and 1860. The construction of roads, canals, and railroads; the opening of the West to settlement; the expansion of postal delivery routes; and the introduction of the telegraph drew previously disparate communities closer together and helped to create a national market of commodities, goods, labor, and services. This transformation fundamentally altered American notions of manhood, causing a shift from the eighteenth-century ideal of the community-oriented patriarch and provider to the more modern ideal of the market-oriented breadwinner and “self-made man.”Item Open Access Married to Anatolian Tigers: business masculinities, relationalities, and limits to empowerment(Routledge, 2019-09) Akyüz, Selin; Sayan Cengiz, F.; Çırakman, Aslı; Cindoğlu, DilekThis paper examines business masculinities and relationalities of empowerment in the everyday life experiences of male entrepreneurs and wives of entrepreneurs in three urban centers in Turkey: Gaziantep, Konya and İzmir. We take gendered power inequalities as structural and relational, and empowerment as a complex, multifaceted process. Based on a relational understanding of gender roles, we scrutinize men’s and women’s decision making areas in an attempt to understand normalized and internalized patriarchal values and assumptions, as well as explicit or implicit challenges against such values. We argue that gendered experiences of entrepreneurs and women married to entrepreneurs offer a complementary analysis of nuanced empowerment strategies in the background of seemingly contradictory currents such as economic globalization, transforming masculinities, rising conservatism and reinforced gender hierarchies.Item Open Access Nationalism(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.Throughout American history, notions of manliness have been central to concepts of national identity, and devotion to the nation has been deemed fundamental to understandings of American manhood. Yet definitions of manliness in relation to national identity have been multiform, ranging from collectivist ideals emphasizing virtue, sacrifice, and surrender to government and the commonwealth to individualist ideals stressing individualism, pursuit of self-interest, independence, and defiance of authority. Although manhood and nationalism sometimes stand in an ambivalent relation to one another, they have also served as mutually reinforcing codes of cultural and political power in the United States.Item Open Access Patriotism(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.Patriotism and definitions of manliness have a shared history in the United States. While the pressure to be “patriotic” has been especially strong in times of national crisis or war, patriotism in general has been perceived as a significant component of manliness. Although women have been called upon to be patriotic as well, women's patriotism has been linked to the private realms of home, family, and motherhood, whereas men's has been connected to public politics and the military.Item Open Access Professionalism(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.Ideals of professionalism, like those of work more generally, have often been articulated in conjunction with notions of manliness, at least since what are commonly called “the professions” (law, medicine, and the ministry) emerged in the mid–eighteenth century. Large numbers of American men have often rooted their masculine identities in specialized training, technical expertise, and professional credentials. While the impersonal and bureaucratic codes that govern conduct and advancement in the professions constitute a departure from earlier definitions of masculinity grounded in autonomy and manual labor, the characteristics associated with professional endeavors—social indifference; intellectual power; adherence to abstract, impersonal rules; mastery of expert knowledge; an emphasis on rational behavior and thought; and a premium on advancement and achievement— have been gendered as masculine in American culture.Item Open Access Urbanization(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.Urbanization has changed constructions of manliness in U.S. society since the 1830s, when the nation experienced its first surge of urban expansion. Urbanization (the growth of cities and the built environment) has affected codes of manliness in a variety of ways. Coinciding with processes of economic expansion, such as the market revolution, industrialization, and the emergence of a mass consumer society, as well as a relaxation of traditional communal mores, urbanization has expanded opportunities for articulating and enacting manliness and male sexuality. In addition, the replacement of open space with a built environment can be seen as an expression of male domination of nature. In short, urbanization and articulations of manliness have significantly influenced one another over the course of U.S. history.Item Open Access When Syrian ‘girls’ meet Turkish ‘boys’: mapping gendered stories of mixed marriages(Routledge, 2019-02) Akyüz, Selin; Tursun, ÖzgünThis article explores the gendered experiences and negotiations of Syrian refugee women throughout forced migration processes and the different strategies during family formation that both Turkish men and Syrian women develop in mixed marriages. Its aim is to unravel fluid gendered experiences that are different from ‘reported’ stereotypical stories in the media and ‘constructed’ in the society. By doing so, we argue that the partners’ narratives in these mixed marriages enable us to map the intricate ways in which agency is used and echoed gendered experiences of couples in forced migration and family formation. We conducted in-depth interviews with eight couples voicing different narratives on how they have negotiated with forms of hierarchies, discourses and how they have refined and transformed their refuge. The incorporation of agency into our analysis unpacked (1) heterogeneity of the spouses and their experiences; (2) potential gendered spaces/discourses to be transformed/refined; and (3) nuances of multifaceted impacts of forced migration. Hence, other than macro studies and tantalizing framings in media, this research offers a dynamic reading of gendered experiences to contribute to the growing literature on Syrian refugees.Item Open Access Whiteness(SAGE Publications, Inc., 2004) Winter, Thomas; Carroll, Bret E.Throughout U.S. history, whiteness as a marker of racial identity, like masculinity as a gender identity, has often been associated with power, dominance, and the marginalization (and sometimes oppression) of others. Both whiteness and maleness have often derived their cultural force and power from being represented as universal categories, rather than expressly acknowledged as simply signifiers of race or gender. Whiteness and manhood have reinforced one another in U.S. society, usually through attempts by white males in power to deny that nonwhite males are true “men,” and thereby to exclude them from the privileges, rights, and opportunities associated with manhood in American culture.