Browsing by Subject "Greece"
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Item Restricted 1923 Türkiye-Yunanistan nüfus mübadelesinin Samsun’daki etkileri(Bilkent University, 2022) Cura, Ege; Fındık, Liya; Güney, Murathan; Şahin, NumanLozan Antlaşması'na ek olarak yapılan sözleşme uyarınca kararlaştırılan 1923 mübadelesi iki ülke arasında antlaşmalar dolayısıyla gerçekleşmiş tarihteki ilk ve tek zorunlu göç örneğidir. Mübadele sırasında insanların ve değerli eşyaların taşınması sırasında çıkan problemler dolayısıyla salgınlar, mal kayıpları ve ölümler yaşanmıştır. Samsun, 22668 mübadile ev sahipliği yaparak en çok göç almış şehirler arasındadır. Önceki dönemlerde iş gücünü kaybetmiş Samsun’a mübadiller ve farklı bölgelerden mültecilerin akın etmesi şehirde ekonomik ve demografik problemlere sebep olmuştur. Bundan dolayı Samsun yerlilerinin göçmenlere ön yargısı oluşmuş ve mübadillerin yerleşmesine engel olmak amacıyla bölgede mal dağıtımı konusunda usulsüzlükler yapılmıştır. Zorunlu göçün getirdiği tüm bu zorluklara rağmen mübadiller kendini yabancı olarak görmemiş ve yerleştikleri dönemden bu yana Samsun’a uyum sağlamışlardır. Günümüzde mübadiller ile Samsun yerlileri uyum içerisinde yaşıyor olsa da mübadiller birbirlerine hep düşkün olmuş ve genellikle aynı bölgelere yerleşerek birbirlerine destek olmaya devam etmişlerdir.Item Open Access Antioch's Last Heirs: The Hatay Greek Orthodox Community between Greece, Syria and Turkey(Cambridge University Press, 2022-10-01) Grigoriadis, Ioannis Ν.This study explores the identity dynamics of the Arabic-speaking Greek Orthodox community of the Hatay province of Turkey. Citizens of Turkey, members of the Greek Orthodox church and Arabic speakers, members of this small but historic community stood at the crossroads of three nationalisms: Greek, Syrian and Turkish. Following the urbanization waves that swept through the Turkish countryside since the 1950s, thousands of Hatay Greek Orthodox moved to Istanbul and were given the chance to integrate with the Greek minority there. The case of the Hatay Greek Orthodox community points to the resilience of millet-based identities, more than a century after the demise of the Ottoman Empire. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham.Item Restricted Item Restricted Item Restricted Batı Trakya göçmeni Prof. Dr. Halit Eren'in hikâyesi(Bilkent University, 2023) Altınkaya, Melissa; Kabaağaç, Melih; Tezbaşar, Zeynep; Keçe, Doğa; Durkun, CansuBu makale, 1969 yılında Batı Trakya'dan Türkiye'ye göç eden seçkin bir tarih profesörü olan Halit Eren'in hayatına derinlemesine bir bakış sunacaktır. Gümülcine'deki erken yıllarına odaklanarak, Halit Eren'in hayatını şekillendiren kültürel, sosyal ve eğitimsel unsurları ortaya koyacaktır. Makale daha sonra, göç sürecinin karmaşık ayrıntılarına dalıp, bu hayati dönemi belirleyen zorlukları, kararları ve deneyimleri keşfedecektir. Ayrıca, Halit Eren'in göç sonrası yaşamına dair iç perspektifler sunarak, akademik katkılarına ve yolculuğunun akademik çabalarını ve kişisel gelişimini nasıl etkilediğine dikkat çekilecektir. Ardından Halit Eren'in sosyal yaşamına ve Türkiye'deki nüanslı adaptasyon sürecine odaklanarak, onun göç sonrası yeni toplumsal ve akademik zeminde nasıl yol aldığını ve entegre olduğunu anlamamıza olanak sağlanacaktır.Item Open Access Between citizenship and the millet: the Greek minority in republican Turkey(Routledge, 2021-04-01) Grigoriadis, Ioannis N.As one of Turkey’s non-Muslim minorities, Turkey’s Greeks have faced substantial pressures since the founding of republican Turkey. As its members could not claim their constitutional rights as citizens of Turkey, emigration soared and the minority reached a point of near extinction. Significant improvements were noted when the EU-supported reform transformed the Turkish state and society from 1999 to 2010, which were not reversed as Turkey relapsed to democratic backsliding in the following years. This article explores the social dynamics and ideological frameworks that have contributed to novel perceptions of the Greek minority since after 2002, the year the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi-AKP) came to power and have deterred a significant deterioration since Turkey’s democratic backsliding began. It also examines the state of Turkey’s Greeks by focusing on the state of the pious foundations, the Papa Eftim affair and the situation in the islands of Gökçeada (Imbros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos).Item Open Access Between escalation and détente: Greek-Turkish relations in the aftermath of the Eastern Mediterranean crisis(Routledge, 2022-06-23) Grigoriadis, Ioannis N.This paper aims to evaluate the state of Greek-Turkish relations in light of recent developments in the reconfiguration of Turkish foreign policy. Following twenty years of détente and relative calm in bilateral relations, the year 2020 witnessed two escalations in Greek-Turkish relations, one in March involving refugees and immigrants on the Greek-Turkish land border and another in August involving military vessels of the two countries. The refugee crisis and potential military conflict regarding energy exploration in the Eastern Mediterranean have raised tensions at a moment the political and institutional tools for the promotion of conflict resolution between Greece and Turkey linked to Turkey’s EU membership perspective appear to be obsolete. This paper seeks an answer to the question of whether structural or ideational factors played the most prominent role in the recent escalation of the Greek-Turkish disputes.Item Restricted Çatışmalar arasında bir ada: Kıbrıs(Bilkent University, 2022) Türkoğlu, Kaan; Dilli, Emir Şahin; Öner, Pelin; Ekinci, İlkay; Balaban, Hüseyin Emre19.yüzyıl itibariyle Osmanlı’nın hakimiyetini kaybettiği Kıbrıs adası İngiltere’nin yönetimine girdi. Fakat ada halkının önemli bir çoğunluğunu oluşturan Rumlar tarafından Kıbrıs’ın Yunanistan hakimiyeti altına girmesi isteniyordu. Bu durumun üzerine Rumlar İngiltere ile diplomatik yollarla anlaşmayı denediler. İstekleri yerine getirilmediğinde ise Kıbrıs’ı tamamen bir Yunan adası yapma hedefiyle çeşitli yollara başvurdular. İngiltere’ye karşı kurulan ancak sonrasında Kıbrıs’ta yaşayan Türk halkını hedef alan terör örgütlerine karşı gerek İngiltere’nin gerekse Türkiye’nin müdahalesi sonucunda Kıbrıs’ta çatışmalar baş gösterdi. Kıbrıslı Rumların Türklere karşı olan saldırgan tutumları sebebiyle Türk ve Rum kesimleri arasında yıllar sürecek olan çatışmaların temeli atılmış oldu. Kıbrıs Türklerinin Güney kesimden Kuzey kesime göç etmelerine neden olan Kanlı Noel Saldırısı’nın 1963’te patlak vermesiyle birlikte Kıbrıs’ın kaderi kesin olarak değişti. Türklerin Güney’den Kuzey’e zorunlu göçü ve Rumların sürdürdüğü saldırgan tutum sebebiyle yıllar süren şiddetli çatışmalar Kıbrıslı Türklerin yaşantısını bütünüyle değiştirdi. Kıbrıs olayları dönemin gazete haberlerinin de işaret ettiği üzere dünya siyasetinde de büyük bir etki bıraktı. Özellikle Türkiye’nin dış politikasını birçok açıdan şekillendirdi.Item Open Access Civilianization in Greece versus "demilitarization" in Turkey: a comparative study of civil-military relations and the impact of the European Union(Sage Publications, Inc., 2006) Duman, Ö.; Tsarouhas D.The civil-military-relations literature has long concentrated on domestic factors in explaining the relationship between civilians and the military. This article concentrates on the effect of an external actor, the European Union (EU), on civil-military relations in Greece and Turkey. The main findings reveal that the two countries shared similar characteristics until the mid-1970s. However, their path of civil-military relations diverged considerably as soon as Greece's EU membership prospect became tangible. While in the Greek case, "civilianization" took place, Turkey had witnessed a mere "demilitarization" of its regime. However, the article also shows how EU membership paves the way for the improvement of civil-military relations in the Turkish case. © 2006, Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society. All rights reserved.Item Open Access A comparative analysis of clientelism in Greece, Spain, and Turkey: the rural–urban divide(Routledge, 2016) Cinar, K.This article examines the evolution of patron–client relationships in Greece, Spain, and Turkey through the prism of the rural–urban divide. It traces which modes of clientelism (rural or urban) are more evident in these countries today, and why. Further, it finds that in rural modes of clientelism, normative bonds of deference and loyalty with a Weberian notion of ‘traditional authority’ and affective ties between political patrons and clients are more observable whereas urban modes of clientelism usually yield Downsian competition between political machines with more coercive motives. It suggests that these two notions of clientelism are not mutually exclusive but should rather be seen in a continuum. More generally, this article demonstrates the need in the existing literature for more contextualized analyses that take into account differences between socioeconomic and geographical antecedents of rural vs. urban clientelism and their divergent political reflections. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.Item Open Access Containing Tito : US and Soviet policies towards Yugoslavia and the Balkans(Bilkent University, 2005) İşyar, LeventThis thesis examines the early Cold War in the Balkans by bringing historical and regional factors into play. In particular, it focuses on the plans for a Balkan federation and the Balkan Pact. The major actor in these cooperation attempts was Yugoslavia, and it was a privileged state in its relations with the superpowers. By putting Yugoslavia into the centre of analysis, this thesis reconsiders this period and the influence of these two regional alliances upon the regional and Cold War relations. Balkan federation plans were the extension of historical tendencies of the contributing parties. Balkan Pact was completely a Cold War tool but its demise was triggered by non-Cold War reasons rooted in the regional relations. Early Cold War in the Balkans should be studied by treating the role of historical and regional factors as equal with the superpower policies.Item Open Access The Cyprus question in the making and the attitude of the Soviet Union towards the Cyprus question (1960-1974)(Bilkent University, 2008) Aslan, Mustafa ÇağatayIn this study, the Soviet attitude towards the Cyprus Question between the years 1960-1974 will be analyzed within the framework of Cold War. In this context, the reasons of the emergence and development of the Cyprus Question was explicated. The differences between Stalin’s foreign policy during the post-Second World War and that of post-Stalin period regarding the Third World countries in the Middle-East will be emphasized. In this connection, increasing influence of the Soviet Union in these countries will be explained with reference to certain related treaties. In addition, the developing relations between Cyprus and the Soviet Union which commenced with the independence of Cyprus in 1960 and further flourished as a result of intersecting interests of Makarios and Soviet Union will be explained. iv Together with these developed relations, the impact of the Soviet Union on the Cyprus Question until 1974 will be examined.Item Restricted Democracy and Moral Development by David L. Norton(1992) Klosko, GeorgeItem Open Access Developing archaeology and museology in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and Greece: Théodore Macridy, an Ottoman Greek ‘Liminal Scientist’(Cambridge University Press, 2022-10-26) Grigoriadis, Ioannis N.This article concerns the development of archaeology and museology, in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and Greece, through the life and career of Théodore Macridy. Macridy participated in knowledge transfer in more than one discipline and more than one country. Through his links with Western academic circles in archaeology and museology, he made a significant contribution to their development in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and Greece. Living between the Ottoman and Greek epistemic communities as an Ottoman citizen of Greek origin, he excavated numerous sites of the Ottoman Empire, worked at the Ottoman Imperial Museum, and contributed to the foundation of the Benaki Museum in Athens at the end of his career. This makes him a good example of an Ottoman Greek scholar whose liminal identity led to his relative neglect in both Greek and Turkish archaeology and museology.Item Open Access The Ecumenical Patriarchate as a global actor: Between the end of the Cold War and the Ukrainian ecclesiastical crisis(Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2022-06-14) Grigoriadis, Ioannis N.Following the demise of the Ottoman Empire and the advent of republican Turkey, the Ecumenical Patriarchate has struggled to maintain its existence and its ecumenical role, despite the obstacles that the Republic of Turkey has set before it. Yet, challenges have abounded within the Orthodox world as well. The Patriarchate has viewed Russian involvement in Orthodox ecclesiastical affairs with suspicion, if not outright opposition. This is like its former stance regarding Russian involvement in Orthodox religious affairs in the Balkans and the Middle East throughout the nineteenth century. This competition has been rekindled since the end of the Cold War, as the Patriarchate has grown in importance as a global actor. The Ukrainian ecclesiastical crisis, which brought the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Moscow Patriarchate to loggerheads, provides an additional opportunity to measure the extent of Russian influence on the Orthodox Church. This article explores the history of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the republican Turkish era and the challenges it has faced. It also examines the dynamics that have developed since the end of the Cold War in its relations with Russia and Turkey through its confrontation with the Moscow Patriarchate particularly in light of the Ukrainian ecclesiastical crisis. This study aspires to shed light on the extent of Russian influence on Orthodox ecclesiastical affairs and explore the role of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the global era.Item Open Access For the people, against the elites: left versus right-wing populism in Greece and Turkey(Taylor and Francis, 2020) Grigoriadis, Ioannis N.While the rise of populism has been a global trend in recent years, it has been prevalent in Greece and Turkey for longer, leaving a strong imprint on the politics of both countries. Left-wing populism has become one of the constitutive elements of the Greek political party system since the collapse of the 1967–1974 military regime. The 2009 outbreak of the Greek economic crisis set the stage for the radicalization of Greek politics through the rise of extremist far-right and far-left populist parties that professed populist agendas of different hues. Such populists accused old-party personnel of being members of a “treacherous elite” that sacrificed Greek national interests against foreign powers. The 2011 “indignados” movement is key for the better understanding of the social dynamics that facilitated the rise of the unusual SYRIZA-ANEL coalition government. Debates on Greek constitutional reform also highlighted the relevance of populism, especially as the SYRIZA-ANEL government sought topics to resonate with its disenchanted voters. On the other hand, a right-wing populist rhetoric has been one of the key instruments for the rise of Turkish political Islam and the establishment of the AKP hegemony in Turkey. Establishing a Kulturkampf-based narrative about the “secularist, ‘white-Turk’ elites” versus the “conservative, ‘black-Turk’ people” was of great political significance. The constitutional reform process proved again crucial for manifesting the relevance of populism in Turkish political discourse. This article explores the circumstances under which left- and right-wing populism have emerged into a dominant feature of Greek and Turkish politics. It also discusses the decreasing relevance of the established left-right political divide in party politics and suggests alternative classifications.Item Restricted Girit Adası'ndan yaşanan göçün Osmaniye Mahallesi üzerindeki etkileri(Bilkent University, 2020) Karaca, Alperen; Başaran, Orhan; Akman, Seren; Artukmaç, Zeynep Su; Polat, Begüm ElaGirit Adası'nda homojen bir halk bulunmaması, "Büyük Devletler'in" izlemiş olduğu politikalar ve Yunanistan'ın "Megali İdea" nasyonalist düşüncesi tarafından körüklenen bu isyanlar Girit'in tarihinde önemli rol oynadı. 1897 yılında özerkleşen ve 1908 yılında Yunanistan'a bağlanan Girit Adası'nda çıkan bu isyanlar sonucu oluşan sorunlar adadaki Müslüman Türk halkın göç etmesine sebep oldu. Osmaniye Mahallesi, Girit Adası'ndan gelen göçmenler için 1901 yılında Sultan II. Abdülhamit'in emriyle kuruldu. Bu çalışmada, Girit Türklerinin göç döneminde ve sonrasında yaşadığı süreç, Osmaniye Mahallesi üzerinden, Başaran ailesinin anılarından yararlanılarak anlatılmıştır.Item Open Access The Greek Muslim migration : rethinking the role of security and nationalism within the 1923 compulsory exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey(Bilkent University, 2004) Kalayoğlu, SinanIn my Masters Thesis, I examine the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey (CEOPBGT). Endorsed at a convention in Lausanne, Switzerland, the forced transfer of over one million Anatolian Greek Christians from Turkey to Greece, and of roughly 400,000 Greek Muslims from Greece to Turkey, occurred during a period when Turkey and Greece were actively pursuing nation-building projects. In my theory, I inform about the downside of state-centric security rhetoric and ethnonationalism associated with population expulsion. In my case study, I specifically address the Lausanne Convention’s role in "nationalizing" identity and defining who belongs and who does not in nationally particularistic ways. My investigation seeks to illustrate that the national territorial narrative produced by the CEOPBGT was in discord with how transferees comprehended their own sense of community and place in the world. To this end, I provide evidence such as stories of the Greek Muslim migration to show how displacement distorts, challenges and negotiates a migrant’s sense of identity and security. Ultimately, I hope that my thesis may add a unique perspective to the current literature seeking to understand sources of the politicized conflict between Greece and Turkey, as well as offering general insight into the International Relations discipline regarding the phenomenon of forced population transfer.Item Restricted Gümülcine’den Bursa’ya bir girişimcilik hikayesi: Sebahattin Şekerci(Bilkent University, 2023) Karlı, Başak; Kurmalı, Ece; Tuna, İpek Naz; Keşanlı, Ayşe Nur; Erdem, NurayBu makalede, 1957 yılında ailesiyle birlikte Yunanistan’ın Gümülcine ilçesinden Türkiye’ye göç eden, Sebahattin Şekerci’nin hayatı ve girişimcilik hikayesi konu alınmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında Batı Trakya Türklerini göçe iten faktörler, Sebahattin Şekerci’nin göç süreci ve göçmen olarak Türkiye’deki hayatı incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte 1970-1980 döneminde Türkiye’nin sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik yapısı çerçevesinde Sebahattin Şekerci’nin göçmen girişimci olarak iş hayatına atılması ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada, Has Asansör şirketinin kurucusu olan Sebahattin Şekerci’nin göç sürecinde yaşadığı zorluklara, göçmenliğin girişimcilik üzerindeki etkisine ışık tutulmuştur.Item Restricted Güneş ve Çoban aileleri perspektifinde Girit mübadelesi ve Side mahallesi incelemesi(Bilkent University, 2023) Kılıç, Emirhan; Yiğit, Emir Taha; Karacalı, Yusuf; Tavus, Muhammet Ümit; Altun, Egemen19. yüzyıl itibariyle toprak kayıplarnın yaşandığı Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki siyasi ve sosyo-politik değişim beraberinde Girit’e göç hareketlerini getirmiştir. 1897 Türk-Yunan Savaşı’yla başlayan, 1923 Lozan Görüşmelerinde karara bağlanan mübadeleye kadarki süreçte çoğu Türk, Girit Adası’nı terk etmiş, Side gibi yerleşim yerlerinin kuruluşuna öncüsü Anadoluya göç süreci başlamıştır. Çalışmada, göçlerin temelindeki Girit’teki sosyal atmosfer, 1923 mübadelesi ve önceki göçler, Giritli göçmenlerin yerleştirildikleri yerlerde yaşadıkları sosyal deneyim ve bu deneyimlerin Side özelinde ne şekilde tezahür ettiği üzerinde durulmaktadır.
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