Browsing by Subject "Foreign policy"
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Item Restricted 1990-1999 yılları arası Türkiye’nin Kosova Politikası(Bilkent University, 2022) İmren, Selin; Şensoy, Enes Ertuğ; Anbar, Mehmet Eren; Cebeci, Selim Mert; Özcan, EgemenDünya savaşı sonrasında Sırplar ve Arnavutlar arasında oluşan anlaşmazlık Miloşeviç yönetiminin milliyetçi politikalarıyla iki milletin kutuplaşmasına sebep olmuştur. İlerleyen süreçte gelen NATO müdahalesi, Kosova meselesine farklı dinamikler katmıştır. Bu araştırmada Türkiye’nin 1990 yılı öncesi izlediği temkinli Balkanlar politikasının sebepleri ve ilkeleri araştırılmıştır. Bahsi geçen politikanın, zamanın muhalefet partilerince eleştirildiği noktaları incelenmiştir. 1990-1999 yılları arası Batı ülkelerinin kolektif Kosova politikası ve 1999 NATO müdahalesini izleyen süreçte Türkiye, yenilikçi bir politika izlemiş ve dış politikada batılılaşma yoluna girmiştir. Türkiye’nin dış politikasındaki yenilikçi adımının batılılaşma yönündeki önemine değinilmiştir. Son olarak, NATO müdahalesine giden yolda Türk azınlıkların toplumdaki yeri ve NATO müdahalesi sonrası yükselen Arnavut milliyetçiliğinin Türk azınlıklar üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir.Item Open Access Azerbaijan's foreign policy and challenges for energy security(Middle East Institute, 2009) Ipek, P.This article examines Azerbaijan's foreign policy by demonstrating the interplay between the oil-led development process and early post-independence regional conflicts that enforced a Western orientation in the country's foreign policy. It is argued that geopolitics continue to prevail in the strategic goals of Azerbaijan. However, the new challenges in the emerging framework of energy security, which extends beyond the revitalized geopolitical rivalries and preeminent concern over securing energy supplies, put Azerbaijan's foreign policy at a crossroads and require a new trans-Atlantic partnership to promote human security and to manage the risk entailed in the unpredictable policy environments of the Caspian region.Item Restricted Başkanlığı sırasında Bill Clinton’ın Türk basınındaki imajı(Bilkent University, 2021) Hasköy, Aleyna; Dağ, Yağızhan; Canlı, Rüçhan; Durmuş, Cansem; Mustafaoğlu, ÖmerAmerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin 42. Başkanı olan Bill Clinton, 1993-2001 yılları arasında başkanlık yapmıştır. Başkanlık yapmış olduğu bu süre içerisinde dünya Soğuk Savaş’ın sonundan yeni milenyumun doğuşuna kadar olan bir döneme şahitlik etmiştir. Oldukça yoğun geçen bu dönem boyunca Bill Clinton’ın Türk basınındaki imajı da inişli çıkışlı olmuştur.Item Open Access Between escalation and détente: Greek-Turkish relations in the aftermath of the Eastern Mediterranean crisis(Routledge, 2022-06-23) Grigoriadis, Ioannis N.This paper aims to evaluate the state of Greek-Turkish relations in light of recent developments in the reconfiguration of Turkish foreign policy. Following twenty years of détente and relative calm in bilateral relations, the year 2020 witnessed two escalations in Greek-Turkish relations, one in March involving refugees and immigrants on the Greek-Turkish land border and another in August involving military vessels of the two countries. The refugee crisis and potential military conflict regarding energy exploration in the Eastern Mediterranean have raised tensions at a moment the political and institutional tools for the promotion of conflict resolution between Greece and Turkey linked to Turkey’s EU membership perspective appear to be obsolete. This paper seeks an answer to the question of whether structural or ideational factors played the most prominent role in the recent escalation of the Greek-Turkish disputes.Item Open Access Between security and liberalization: decoding Turkey's struggle with the PKK(Sage Publications Ltd., 2002) Aydinli, E.This article identifies the dynamics of the national security syndrome and the pendulum swing between security and liberalization that are embedded in the Turkish political system. It then explores how these are reflected in the problematic and conflictual processes of Turkish policy formulation with regard to the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) in the post-violence era. The article presents evidence of a new impasse surrounding Turkey's southeast/Kurdish question. While Turkey is having difficulties in designing post-terror policies, the PKK appears unprepared to fully disarm and give up. The only route remaining seems to be one of political struggle. After identifying Turkey's structural limits to addressing the issue, the article discusses the implications of these on the future of the conflict, on Turkey's foreign relations with the West, and on the increasingly torn domestic political situation.Item Open Access The changing dynamics of Turkey-Israel relations: a structural realist account(Routledge, 2010-07) Oğuzlu, T.This article tries to examine the changing dynamics of Turkey's relations with Israel in recent years from a structural realist point of view. The main argument is that both the establishment of strong strategic relations during the 1990s and the growing tension in recent years could be convincingly analysed through a structural realist perspective that mainly values systemic and exogenous factors in explanation of states' foreign policy preferences and behaviours. The major goal is to complement domestic and identity-related factors with structural ones in order to have a better understanding of the changing nature of bilateral relations over the last decade.Item Open Access Clash of discourses: the US national debate on relations with Haiti, 1789-2004(Bilkent University, 2008) Pakin, EsraThis dissertation is a historical-comparative analysis of the rhetorical forms and frames that have shaped United States-Haitian relations, departing from the predominantly action-oriented perspective of international relations literature. The study expounds continuity and change in official foreign policy discourse as “The United States” and “Haiti” were reinterpreted through time. It also displays how these constructions of “self” and “other” have been contested within the public and political domain. This work is a contribution not only for its elaboration on the mostly unattended public, press and congressional critique of Haitian policy, but also for shedding further light on the role of African Americans in U.S. foreign policy making.Item Open Access Energy, security, and foreign policy(Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) Özdamar, Özgür; Denemark, R. A.; Marlin-Bennett, R.Next to national defense, energy security has become a primary issue for the survival and wellbeing of both developed and developing nations. A review of the literature shows how concerns for energy security acquired a new dimension after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, when the Western powers and a weakened Russia competed for the control of the Eurasia region and its energy resources. Research has also focused on how different countries have developed a variety of strategies for securing their energy supply. Energy security literature can be split into three general sections: neoclassical economics and public choice, bureaucratic politics and public administration, and political economy. Scholars have also explored regime theory, resource conflict, and the relationship between national energy security and foreign policy. In the case of the United States, four major challenges in foreign policy issues related to energy security can be identified: “building alliances, strengthening collective energy security, asserting its interests with energy suppliers, and addressing the rise of state control in energy.” These challenges require eight specific foreign policy responses from the U.S. government, two of which constitute the core relationship between energy security and foreign policy making: “candor and respect” for the producer countries, and foreign policies that promote the stability and security of suppliers.Item Open Access EU foreign policy and ‘perceived coherence’: the case of Kosovo(Routledge, 2018-10-11) Mutluer, D.; Tsarouhas, DimitriTo what extent has the European Union’s (EU) foreign policy been coherent in the Western Balkans? Moreover, is EU policy behaviour seen as coherent by local stakeholders? Such questions are of high significance regarding the role of the EU as an external actor and with regard to the Western Balkans in particular. This article assesses EU policy coherence in the case of Kosovo, focusing on the latter’s EU accession prospects and the EU rule of law mission EULEX. Introducing the novel concept of ‘perceived coherence’, the paper argues that EU policies and actors are not perceived as coherent by both local elites and civil society organizations. As a result, the effectiveness of the implementation of the Union’s foreign policy in Kosovo remains low.Item Open Access Europe and Turkey: Does religion matter?(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008) Criss, Nur Bilge; Jung, D.; Raudvere, C.Ever since Claude Lévi-Strauss, a social anthropologist, introduced the term “l’égo et l’autre” it has become very fashionable to apply the “Self” and the “Other” to international affairs as well as to history. Shortly thereafter, concepts such as “identity politics” or the “politics of identity” began to fill research agendas. Although there is nothing wrong with mapping identities, it has certain methodological drawbacks for scholarship. Many times overemphasizing identities, in an effort to neatly categorize them, results in defining peoples and events based solely on ethnic/racial, national, or religious straitjackets. This is not very different from applying the principles of classifying botanical fauna to the human fora, which does not necessarily contribute to our knowledge, especially in geographies where religious/linguistic/ethnic identities overlap. Cosimo de Medici (“The Great,” Duke of Florence, banker, 1519–1603), one of the great men of the Renaissance once said, “I am human, so nothing about humanity is alien to me” (quoted in Çaykara 2005: 373). His statement makes sense today only if we remember the connection between the word “other” and its Latin version “alienus.” Today, despite all the hype of globalization, humanistic and political cosmopolitanism is absent. The fast pace of our world also brings about simplistic and categorical sociopolitical descriptions that are often hostile and divisive.Item Open Access The evolution of the national security culture and the military in Turkey(School of International & Public Affairs, 2000) Karaosmanoğlu, A. L.[No abstract available]Item Open Access Examining leaders' orientations to structural constraints: Turkey's 1991 and 2003 Iraq war decisions(Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., 2017) Cuhadar E.; Kaarbo, J.; Kesgin, B.; Taner, B. O.Explanations of states' security decisions prioritise structural - systemic, institutional and cultural - constraints that characterise foreign security decisions as a function of external/international, domestic/institutional, or normative/cultural factors. By examining Turkey's 1990-1991 and 2003 Iraq war decisions systematically, we problematise this prioritisation of structure, and we investigate the dynamic relationship between structural constraints and leaders in their decision-making environments. In these cases, while the structural constraints remain constant or indeterminate, the decision outcomes and the decision-making process differ significantly. Our findings, based on structured-focused comparison, process tracing, and leadership trait analysis, suggest that the leaders' personalities and how they react to constraints account for this difference and that dependence on only one set of factors leads to an incomplete understanding of security policies and international politics. We contribute to the broader understanding of leaders' personalities by suggesting that self-confidence and cognitive complexity are the key traits distinguishing leaders' orientations towards structural constraints. © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.Item Open Access Feels like home: effect of transnational identities on attitudes towards foreign countries(SAGE Publications, 2021) Tokdemir, EfeHow do people react to foreign actors’ involvement in a conflict in a third party? Many studies have explored how individuals react to their country’s foreign policy choices, as well as how they react to the policies targeting their countries. Yet, we know less about how they form their attitudes regarding the policies not directly aiming at their own countries, and hence, their well-being. Building on intergroup relations and employing a social psychological approach, this article argues that identity serves as a heuristic through which individuals evaluate foreign actors, and their policies targeting in- and out-group members living abroad. Conducting a survey experiment in Turkey, I test my claims in the context of the Syrian Civil War. The findings of the experiments reveal that transnational identity ties have an impact on attitude formation: Turks and Kurds express positive/negative attitudes towards the USA and Russia conditional on whether their involvement to the conflict favor/disfavor their in-group/out-group across the border. Broadly speaking, the results show that domestic cleavages are of importance in predicting the public’s reaction to the developments in international politics, which implies a necessity of taking domestic politics in designing soft power promotion and public diplomacy strategies for many global and regional powers in attempting to win hearts and minds abroad.Item Open Access Forum: rethinking neoclassical realism at theory's end(Oxford University Press, 2021) Meibauer, G.; Desmaele, L.; Onea, Tudor; Kitchen, N.; Foulon, M.; Reichwein, A.; Sterling-Folker, J.This forum presents a snapshot of the current state of neoclassical realist theorizing. Its contributors are self-identified neoclassical realists who delineate their version of neoclassical realism (NCR), its scope, object of analysis, and theoretical contribution. From the standpoint of NCR, they contribute to and reflect on the “end of IR theory” debate. NCR has come under criticism for its supposed lack of theoretical structure and alleged disregard for paradigmatic boundaries. This raises questions as to the nature of this (theoretical) beast. Is NCR a midrange, progressive research program? Can it formulate a grand theory informed by metatheoretical assumptions? Is it a reformulation of neorealism or classical realism or an eclectic mix of different paradigms? The forum contributors argue that NCR, in different variants, holds considerable promise to investigate foreign policy, grand strategy and international politics. They interrogate the interaction of international and domestic politics and consider normative implications as well as the sources and cases of NCR beyond the West. In so doing, they speak to theorizing and the utility of the theoretical enterprise in IR more generally.Item Open Access Friends no more? the rise of Anti-American nationalism in Turkey(Middle East Institute, 2010) Grigoriadis, I. N.This article examines the rise of anti-American nationalism in Turkey. While Turkish public opinion has developed strong views against a set of foreign policies furthered by the United States, recent findings allude to the development of an emerging anti-US bias in large segments of Turkish society. The deterioration of the US image in Turkey could be considered a result of the recent US involvement in the Middle East, as well as socio-political shifts inherent to Turkey's democratization process. © Middle East Institute.Item Open Access The 'greater middle east' as a 'modern' geopolitical imagination in American foreign policy(Routledge, 2010) Güney, A.; Gökcan, F.This article aims at analysing how the September 11 terrorist attacks have caused the formation of a new geopolitical vision of an area called the 'Greater Middle East' and how this formation has led to changes in US foreign policy towards this region. To do that, the article first presents a theoretical background against which the modern geopolitical imagination of the USA is formulated. It considers the links between national traumas/myths, geopolitical codes and visions, and foreign policy actions. The article then applies this analysis to the case of the Greater Middle East with respect to how this imagined geography shapes the foreign and security policy of the USA. It concludes that even though this imagined region has been presented in texts as justifying US-led policies with liberal underpinnings, it has in reality laid the ground for and been used for justifying US extra-territorial intervention in the region. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item Open Access The impact of democratization on foreign policy the rise and fall of the Turkish-Israeli alliance(Bilkent University, 2012) Erpul, OnurGlobalization is affecting state behavior in different ways. The purpose of this study is to understand the ways in which changes in the domestic structures of torn states due to democratization and decentralization and how these affect alliance behavior. By analyzing the Turkish-Israeli alliance through a longitudinal comparative case study comparing system level and state level variables in the 1990s and in the AKP period, the research argues that democratization, which empowers new elites and enables them to articulate and pursue alternative national agendas, leads to unpredictable alliance behavior. The findings suggest that purely systemic theories are not sufficient to address alliances in the contemporary world. Furthermore, the findings also suggest that globalization may be aggravating international anarchy.Item Restricted Körfez Savaşı Türkiye dış politikası(Bilkent University, 2018) Demirok, Hüdaverdi Alperen; Bulut, Osman; Girginkaya, Raşit Emre; Erdem, Doğa; Dalmaz, OnatSaddam yönetimindeki Irak, 25 Ağustos 1990’da Kuveyt’e saldırmış ve kısa sürede ülkede hakimiyet kurmuştur. Başta ABD olmak üzere küresel ve bölgesel hemen tüm güçler, çeşitli stratejik ve ekonomik sebeplerle işgale sert tepki göstermiş, Birleşmiş Milletler üzerinden Irak’a karşı önce ekonomik ardından askeri yaptırımları devreye sokmuşlardır. Türkiye bu süreçte, ilk andan itibaren Irak karşıtı ittifak içerisinde yer almış, tüm ekonomik yaptırımları hızlıca yürürlüğe sokmuş ve 17 Ocak 1991’de başlayan, ABD liderliğinde Irak’ı Kuveyt’ten püskürtmeyi amaçlayan askeri harekâta da aktif şekilde katılmıştır. Türkiye’nin bu periyotta takip ettiği dış politika hem kısa hem uzun vadede ciddi sonuçlara yol açmıştır. Irak’ın en büyük ticari ortaklarından olan Türkiye, ekonomik ambargo kararları sonucunda ağır ekonomik yük altına girmiş, 1991’de negatif büyüme oranı açıklanmış ve ekonomik durgunluk 1990’lar boyunca da devam etmiştir. Irak’ta savaş sonucu ortaya çıkan otorite boşluğu ve Kürt özerk bölgesi de bir diğer tartışmalı konudur. Bu çalışmada Körfez Savaşı üzerine vârolan literatürün yanı sıra, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı’ndaki çeşitli diplomatlarla röportaj yapılarak Körfez Savaşı dış politikası incelenmiştir.Item Open Access The metamorphosis of metaphors of vision: "bridging" Turkey's location, role and identity after the end of the cold war(2009) Yanık, L. K.During the Cold War, "buffer" or "bastion" seemed a popular metaphor to describe Turkey. After the Cold War, "bridge," (and, to some extent, the "crossroad") metaphor started to dominate the Turkish foreign policy Di{dotless}scourse. This article traces the use of "bridge" metaphor in this Di{dotless}scourse in the post-Cold War period by the Turkish foreign policy elite. It develops two arguments. First, the word bridge is a "metaphor of vision" combining Turkey's perceived geographical exceptionalism with an identity and a role at the international level. As a "metaphor of vision," the employment of the word "bridge" highlighted Turkey's liminality and justified some of its foreign policy actions to Eurasia and then to the Middle East. Second, because the bridge metaphor was used in different context to justify different foreign policy choices, its meaning has changed, illustrating that metaphors are not static constructs. It concludes by Sayi{dotless}ng that the continuous use of "bridge" metaphor might reinforce Turkey's "liminality," placing Turkey in a less classifiable category than the regular "othering" practices. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item Open Access Multiple dualities: seeking the patterns in Iran’s foreign policy(Center for Foreign Policy and Peace Research, İhsan Doğramacı Peace Foundation, 2019) Bayar, TuğbaAs one of the most significant actors of the region, Iran’s interactions with great powers (as well as regional powers and non-state actors) have come under scrutiny. This article adopts an historical account and suggests a framework to study Iran’s foreign policy. The framework is contextually built with a multilevel approach to specify the independent and intervening variables of Iran’s foreign policy through the light of neoclassical realist theory. In this context, it is argued that the independent variables of Iran’s foreign policy are geopolitics, threat perceptions and balance of power politics. These systemic variables are filtered through nationalism, theological and revolutionary ideology and policy making mechanisms.
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