Browsing by Subject "Europeanization"
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Item Open Access The analysis of Turkey's security culture in line with the Europeanization process(Bilkent University, 2006) Karayiğit, YasinThe aim of this master' s thesis is to analyze the security culture of Turkey when sh e is in the accession process with the European Union. This research does not only dea! with the historical evolution of the security cultures of the European Union and Turkey, but it also tries to shed light on the changes on Turkey' s security culture on the road to EU membership.Item Open Access Enlargement - led transformation of Turkish SME policies(Bilkent University, 2011) Gürdal, Kamile YükselThis thesis aims to analyze the effects of Turkey’s membership candidacy to European Union on Turkish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with respect to the European Union’s (EU) pre- accession strategy and agenda setting role. After giving the contextualization and modus operandi of enlargement- led Europeanization as well as the EU approach to SME policies, historical analysis is utilized to show the evolution of the Turkish policies on SMEs since the establishment of Turkish Republic. The study reaches a conclusion that, EU candidacy, by means of the accession conditionality and its own agenda, led to changes in Turkish SME policy makers’ perceptions regarding the role of SMEs importance in economy and thus paves the way for the solution of Turkish SME’s chronical problems in the long runItem Open Access The European Union, the Turkish military and democracy(Routledge, 2005) Heper, M.The military in Turkey has been both the subject and the object of modernization as Westernization. In the process it came to occupy a prominent place in the Turkish polity, acting as the guardian of the premises upon which the Turkish Republic was based. In the post-1960 period it took power into own hands several times. Yet, the military interventions in question were made to 'save the democracy from itself' and not for the purpose of setting up a long-term military rule. Over the years, the military became less enthusiastic about intervening in politics. In recent years, the military's extrication from politics altogether gained a new momentum as a consequence of Turkey's bid to become a full member of the EU. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.Item Open Access The European Union’s impact on Turkey’s gender related employment policy since 1999 Helsinki Summit(Bilkent University, 2018-07) Karataş, Hatice MügeTurkey and the European Union (EU) relations began in 1959 with Turkey’s application for full membership. However, the literature on this issue has started to occupy substantial space in European studies as well as international relations since the 1999 Helsinki Summit in which Turkey’s official candidacy was announced. Ever since, the EU has been “Europeanizing” Turkey through different mechanisms. Previous studies in the Europeanization literature have mostly neglected the social aspect of Europeanization in Turkey's accession process. In other words, most of the debate relating to Turkey - EU relations has been revolving around political and security related issues. However, the EU has worked on promoting gender equality to ensure that women and men are equal before the law since its establishment and as one of its founding principles. Thus, social policy as well as gender equality are important study areas which cannot be left behind other ‘hard’ policy areas. The aim of this thesis is to examine the impact of the EU on Turkey’s gender related employment policy. Therefore, this study is centered on the question which asks, “to what extent does Turkey's European Union (EU) accession process have an impact on its gender related employment policy since the 1999 Helsinki Summit?”. This thesis aims to examine Turkey’s position in terms of providing gender equality in employment before and after the 1999 Helsinki Summit and to examine the scope of Europeanization on Turkey’s gender related employment policy. In this thesis, impact refers to changes that created by the EU accession process on Turkey’s legal regulation.Item Open Access Europeanization and devolution : centre-local relations in Turkey(Bilkent University, 2008) Çelenk, Ayşe AslıhanThis thesis analyzes the impact of the EU accession process over the central and local levels of administration in Turkey from an institutionalist framework. The analytical tools of historical and sociological institutionalism are utilized in order to analyze whether Europeanization leads to devolution and the city of Kayseri constitutes the case through which the EU impact at the local level is determined. The main argument of the thesis is that although the EU accession process has created a demand at the local level in terms of changing the power relations with the centre, no institutional change has taken place so far in terms of devolution because of the mediating factors such as strong state tradition, lack of self-government culture and the political and historical context of the centre-local relations in the country and the central level managed to reproduce its power vis-à-vis the local political actors.Item Open Access Europeanization and the dilemma of decentralization: centre-local relations in Turkey(Routledge, 2010) Guney, A.; Celenk, A. A.Item Open Access Europeanization of foreign policy of a candidate country : an evaluation of Turkey's policy towards Cyprus (2002-2012)(Bilkent University, 2015) Hisarlıoğlu, FulyaThis thesis has analyzed the dynamics, conditions and determinants of the EU’s transformative impact on a candidate state’s foreign policy. Concerned with the question of how the process of EU accession shapes candidate states’ policies, this case study questions how the machinery of Europeanization, interacting with the national factors and context, works in the transformation of Turkey’s policy towards Cyprus. Inspired by the premises of the studies on Accession Europeanization, the study is designed to understand the impact of the EU external pressures in shaping Turkey’s Cyprus policy between 2002 and 2012. In the light of the time processing analysis, the study suggests that the transformative impact of the EU in Ankara’s approach towards the Cyprus issue in the long-run is best explained by the actorcentered “external incentives model”. In this sense the study concludes that domestic actors’ perception of the EU membership process and the ways in which EU adaptation pressures intervenes in the domestic institutional equilibrium determine EU’s transformative power.Item Open Access The Europeanization of Turkish security culture : a reality or myth?(Bilkent University, 2010) Bulut, SerkanTurkish journey to Europe has a history longer than 40 years however especially in the last 10 years more and more scholars started to study “Europeanization of Turkey” especially the foreign policy dimension. This thesis aims at contributing the growing Europeanization literature by looking at the degree of Europeanization in Turkish Security Culture. The traditional realpolitik nature of Turkish Security Culture has shown signs of change in the last decade especially in terms of style and the process dimensions and more European means are utilized by Turkish policy makers. This new situation creates a critical question for anyone interested in Turkish politics: do those changes observed in Turkish Security Culture mean a European transformation has taken place? After explain and comparing the European and Realpolitik Security cultures, this thesis shows that Turkish Security Culture has undergone a change in terms of the style security matters are handles and in terms of processes involved, yet the ultimate goals Turkey pursuing are still defined in terms of realpolitik mindset. True Europeanization requires pursuit of European ends with European means and against this background, Turkish Security Culture, which desires to achieve realpolitik ends but wits European means, does not fit in to the definition of European Security Culture.Item Open Access Europeanization or not? Turkish foreign policy and the Cyprus problem, 1999-2014(Bilkent University, 2015-02) Uluğ Eryılmaz, BurçinThis thesis sought to illuminate how the Europeanization process takes place, in the context of enlargement by providing empirical findings regarding the EU’s potential to impact on the foreign policies of candidate countries. By placing Turkish-EU relations and the Cyprus dispute within a theoretical framework of Europeanization, with particular emphasis on the Historical Institutionalist strand of new institutionalism, this dissertation examined how the EU impacted on Turkey’s Cyprus policy between 1999 and 2014. Alongside EU-related factors such as the credibility of both EU conditionality and accession perspective, what accounts for change is predominantly determined by how domestic actors perceive it, and the extent to which domestic power struggles are affected by it.Item Open Access Europeanization without substance? EU-Turkey relations and gender equality in employment(Palgrave Macmillan, 2019) Aybars, A. İ.; Copeland, P.; Tsarouhas, DimitriThis paper focuses on EU-Turkey relations through gender-related employment policy practices. We argue that Turkey is undergoing a process of ‘Europeanization without substance’, in which vague commitments and policy initiatives to enhance female labour force participation coexist uneasily with a contravening political discourse. This is not merely the result of a stalemate in accession negotiations, nor does it stem from the diversity of employment practices across the Union. It rather results from the deliberative discourses used by Turkey’s political leadership to selectively appropriate certain aspects of Europeanization to further a politically motivated agenda that, in essence, negates gender equality altogether. This, we argue in turn, is reflected in a set of practices, policy initiatives, and public statements that make substantive progress in EU-Turkey relations harder. This process is facilitated by the diminishing emphasis placed by the EU on gender equality in employment as manifested by the evolution of gender equality practices at EU level and reinforced by austerity-led policies during the economic crisis.Item Open Access Europeanization, domestic political change and civil-military relations in Turkey(Bilkent University, 2007) Karatekelioğlu, PetekThis dissertation explores the impact of the European Union on domestic political change in the area of civil-military relations in Turkey. The history of modern Turkey is characterized by the objective of becoming a full member of the European society of states. For this purpose, Westernization and modernization are the constituting discourses and practices of the modern Turkish Republic. Yet beginning in the 1960s and culminating in the 1990s, the deepening of the process of European economic and political integration has led to serious transformations in the European state system and society. Recent works studying the nature and scope of this change conceptualize this process as Europeanization. According to these studies, the European Union is the main variable triggering domestic transformation in the member states and candidate countries. The impact of the European Union is also strongly felt in Turkey, which is a candidate for membership in the phase of preaccession. This dissertation analyzes domestic political change in the realm of civilmilitary relations from the perspective of the Europeanization approach. The framework proposed to study the Turkish case is intended to contribute to the knowledge of Europeanization and Turkey-European Union relations.Item Open Access File: Turkey, Europeanization and civil society(2005) Diez, Thomas; Agnantopoulos, Apostolos; Kaliber, AlperThis article reviews the Europeanization literature and proposes to distinguish between four different kinds of Europeanization: policy-Europeanization, political Europeanization, societal Europeanization and discursive Europeanization. We link these different concepts to the impact of the EU on the current domestic transformations in Turkey and argue that existing scholarship has not sufficiently discussed the impact of Europeanization on civil society development, and the role of civil society organizations in furthering Europeanization. We establish the need to further analyze the triangle of Europeanization, civil society and Turkish political reform in a comparative perspective, introducing the other articles included in this SESP File.Item Open Access The myth of ‘Europeanization’ of Turkish foreign policy: the Cyprus debacle as a litmus test(Routledge, 2014) Ulug-Eryilmaz, B.This article examines Turkish–EU relations and the Cyprus issue within the Europeanization framework. It seeks to underline how and to what extent EU conditionality was performed in Turkey’s Cyprus policy in the post-Helsinki period. The exploration of the relationship between domestic political pressures and the foreign policy choices of the AKP government on the Cyprus issue suggests that EU’s potential in transforming the foreign policy of candidates is both context dependent and questionable. Alongside EU-related factors such as the credible membership perspective, what accounts for change is predominantly determined by how domestic actors perceive it, and how much domestic power struggles are affected by it. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.Item Open Access Religious education as an indicator of state-religion relations within the scope of Europeanization theories : case studies of Turkey and Poland(Bilkent University, 2013) Gürçel, TuğbaThis thesis analyzes the impact of Europeanization on the conduct of religious instruction within the formal education system in Turkey and in Poland. The main argument is that according to the accounts of the Europeanization theory, the patterns of this impact altered because of the historical and sociological specificities of the two countries. These can be traced with an accurate investigation of the historical and legal contexts concerning the conduct of religious education in these countries and also, by inspecting the contemporary situation in order to be able to make an analysis on how Europeanization affected the policy-making in this specific field. The research aims at explaining the shaping of domestic policy-making in a value-laden field such as religious education, which has always been a sensitive issue given the nature of the subject, under the influence of Europeanization. To measure this impact on the conduct of religious education has been controversial since there are plenty of factors which have the capacity to lead to the domestic policy change. Europeanization theories support the study by offering accounts to operate within this domain and come up with concrete observations. This study delineates the different paths of Turkey and Poland in experiencing Europeanization in the field of religious education and mainly argues that Turkey has undergone a more superficial process which can be better explained by rationalist institutionalism whereas Poland practiced a deeper compliance with the European norms that can be explicated with sociological institutionalist account of Europeanization theory.Item Open Access Social partnership in Greece : is there a Europeanization effect?(Sage Publications Ltd., 2008) Tsarouhas, DimitrisHow should one understand the influence of Europeanization on social partnership? This article examines the impact of the European Employment Strategy (EES) on Greek social partnership and the role of employers and unions in the formulation of labour market policy. It identifies two potential levels of influence: first-level change which leads to an alteration of policy discourse, and second-level change which opens up space for reforms in policy actors' preferences and institutional resources. Empirical findings show a loose and indirect link between the advancement of Greek social partnership and the EES. Policy legacies and institutional inadequacies are decisive. Nonetheless, contrasting the Greek and Italian cases reveals the room for manoeuvre available to unions willing to invest in organizational restructuring and a bigger say in the policy process.Item Open Access Transformation of the Turkish religious right with focus on the impact of state elites, globalization and Europeanization(Bilkent University, 2012) Köni, HakanThis dissertation is aims to analyze the change of Turkish religious right from National View parties to the Justice and Development Party in its goal and issue orientation in terms of the importance given to religion, and the influence of state elites, globalization and Europeanization in this process. This analysis will become possible with the help of a set of theoretical approaches offered to explain the causes and nature of party change particularly those of them examining the role of environmental changes in the change of party ideology or policy. Based on a detailed examination of the views and policies of relevant parties on issues of foreign policy and domestic politics, it is observed that Turkish religious right has evolved from a conservative religious movement with occasional radical tendencies to a moderate conservative one. The impact of state elites in this change is detected to be related with their secularist conception and applications which could be explained in short as opposition to the presence of religion in public life in substantial ways. Globalization and Europeanization, secondly, is explored to be associated with the process with the strong propensity and willingness they bring in to religious right towards the adoption and promotion of western political, economic and cultural norms, principles and institutions, and establishment of deeper and closer relations with the west. In foreign policy, the movement has shown a gradual shift from a substantially culturalist to a pragmatist and rational approach. While the National View parties followed a foreign policy program defending the necessity of establishing close ties with the Muslim world and minimizing relations with the West; the Justice and Development Party is with the idea of leading Turkey into a process of greater integration and cooperation with the west. The JDP has not turned its back to the Muslim world, but concerns for political, legal and social reforms have started to occupy a more important place in its Middle East agenda compared to traditional cultural concerns. In domestic politics, secondly, the most remarkable change is detected in transition from a succession of parties aiming to introduce Islamic norms and principles in public life to a party aiming to introduce rights and freedoms for its conservative electorate through the mechanisms provided by liberal democratic systems with clear detachment from the goal of introducing Islamic law and state.