Browsing by Subject "Emission control"
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Item Open Access Cost and emission impacts of virtual power plant formation in plug-in hybrid electric vehicle penetrated networks(2013) Arslan, O.; Karasan, O. E.With increasing interest in alternative energy resources and technologies, mass penetration of PHEVs (plug-in hybrid vehicles) into the electricity grid and widespread utilization of DERs (distributed energy resources) are anticipated in the near future. As an aggregation unit, the VPP (virtual power plant) is introduced for load management and resource scheduling. In this article, we develop an energy management model for VPPs and analyze the cost and emission impacts of VPP formation and PHEV penetration. We conduct a case study for the state of California using real-world data from official resources. An average of 29.5% cost reduction and 79% CO2 and 83% NOx emission reductions are attained as shared benefits of consumers in the case study. Results are illustrative of opportunities that VPP formation can provide for the community. Sensitivity of the results to the DER costs and capacities, battery and gasoline prices are also analyzed. In addition, we prove that charging and discharging do not simultaneously occur in the solutions, which leads to a simplification in traditional energy management models.Item Open Access On the modeling of CO2 EUA and CER prices of EU-ETS for the 2008–2012 period(John Wiley and Sons, 2016) Gürler, Ü.; Yenigün, D.; Çağlar, M.; Berk, E.Increased consumption of fossil fuels in industrial production has led to a significant elevation in the emission of greenhouse gases and to global warming. The most effective international action against global warming is the Kyoto Protocol, which aims to reduce carbon emissions to desired levels in a certain time span. Carbon trading is one of the mechanisms used to achieve the desired reductions. One of the most important implications of carbon trading for industrial systems is the risk of uncertainty about the prices of carbon allowance permits traded in the carbon markets. In this paper, we consider stochastic and time series modeling of carbon market prices and provide estimates of the model parameters involved, based on the European Union emissions trading scheme carbon allowances data obtained for 2008–2012 period. In particular, we consider fractional Brownian motion and autoregressive moving average–generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic modeling of the European Union emissions trading scheme data and provide comparisons with benchmark models. Our analysis reveals evidence for structural changes in the underlying models in the span of the years 2008–2012. Data-driven methods for identifying possible change-points in the underlying models are employed, and a detailed analysis is provided. Our analysis indicated change-points in the European Union Allowance (EUA) prices in the first half of 2009 and in the second half of 2011, whereas in the Certified Emissions Reduction (CER) prices three change-points have appeared, in the first half of 2009, the middle of 2011, and in the second half of 2012. These change-points seem to parallel the global economic indicators as well.