Browsing by Subject "Conflict resolution"
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Item Open Access Analyzing strategic behavior in a dynamic model of bargaining and war(Springer, 2023-09-19) Doğan, Serhat; Keskin, K.; Sağlam, ÇağrıWe analyze a dynamic model of bargaining and war with two states located on a linear territory. One state demands a portion of the other state’s territory each period such that if the latter state makes a concession, the former state takes control of the demanded portion. If otherwise, the two states engage in warfare to decide which state controls the disputed portion of territory. À la Fearon, we consider a model in which the states bargain over objects that influence future bargaining power. That is, it is valuable to have more territory, not only because it brings higher utility, but also because it increases future bargaining power, as it can be used to generate military resources in wars to come. We implicitly characterize the unique Markov perfect equilibrium of the model, and utilizing a set of parameter values, we illustrate that there are six different types of equilibrium outcomes. We then provide a variety of historical examples and argue that our model is able to capture their patterns and characteristics.Item Open Access Antecedents of conflict termination : an analysis of Egyptian-Israeli (1970-1978) and Syrian-Israeli (1992-1995) conflicts(Bilkent University, 1997) Selçuk, ZeynepPre-negotiation is a first step towards conflict termination. There are certain factors which either facilitate or hinder the pre-negotiation phase towards conflict terminaton. For this purpose two cases, Pre-Camp David Phase of Egyptian-Israeli and Post Cold War period of the Syrian-Israeli conflicts are analyzed. Variables borrowed from the negotiation literature are used as analytical tools to investigate the cases. The variables are provided with an operational definition and a propositon, on which the cases are investigated. First, the presence of these variables are tested on the cases and then if they are present their effects are coded, based on the inferences from the two conflicts, as whether being a facilitator or a hinderance towards conflict termination. Finally in the conclusion part whether these results are in accordance with the initial propositions are discussed. The Syrian-Israeli case had a frequency of more facilitating factors. The major difference in the two cases is that despite its low frequency in facilitating factors, the Egyptian Israeli conflict ended in a formal agreement whereas the Syrian-Israeli conflict did not. This contradictory outcome is dwelled upon in the conclusion. The major inferences that can be accumulated firom the research are discussed in the conclusion.Item Open Access The conflict resolution and counterterrorism dilemma: Turkey faces its Kurdish question(Taylor & Francis, 2011) Aydinli, E.; Ozcan, N. A.This article considers the relationship between two processes-conflict resolution and counterterrorism-which conceptually share many common points, yet in practice do not necessarily proceed together easily towards a common goal. Considering particular cases of ethnic conflict in which terrorist factions exist, the article argues that while neither conflict resolution nor counterterrorism alone can adequately address the problem, simultaneously conducting both must keep in mind the processes' inherent differences and avoid excessive prioritizing of one over the other. By exploring recent Turkish governmental initiatives to address the Kurdish question, the article attempts to provide an outline for how to successfully cope with the two processes simultaneously.Item Open Access Greek and Turkish perceptions of US mediation efforts for conflict resolution from 1950s to mid-1990s(Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Historical Research, 2005) Ünal, H.; Kalaitzaki, T.; Altunya, E.Item Open Access Is it ripe yet? resolving Turkey’s 30 years of conflict with the PKK(Routledge, 2016) Ünal, M. C.Turkey has lately been in the midst of trying to resolve its three-decade old struggle with the Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan (PKK). Elaborating on the history of this conflict, this study analyzes why previous attempts to resolve it failed and why other conflict-resolution opportunities were not taken until 2007. It devotes particular attention to the emergence and failure of the latest resolution process and analyzes prospects and challenges of a potential resolution by analyzing the context, content, and conduct of Turkey's latest peace attempt. This study finds, first, that the PKK has been open to a negotiated settlement since 1993, but the state regime rejected reconciliation and pursued unilateral military solutions until 2007, when Turkey finally recognized the military stalemate and costly deadlock. Second, it argues that what really forced Turkey to search for a resolution are—in addition to the hurting stalemate—recent national and regional power shifts, which have also destabilized the resolution process itself. Third, this study asserts that despite the ripe conditions for resolution, the context and the content of the latest process revealed crucial deficiencies that require a complete restructuring of the central government as well the need to develop greater institutionalization and social engagement for a potential conflict resolution. Finally, this study claims that the nature and characteristics of the current phase of the conflict, as they stand, indicate significant fragilities and spoiling risks due to both internal and external dynamics and actors, as recent developments have indicated in the failure of the latest resolution attempt. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.Item Unknown The limits of zero problem policy in the Kaucasus: the impasse in Turkish-Armenian relations(Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu, 2010) Özertem, Selim HasanTurkish foreign policy has been in a transformation process since the end of the Cold War. However, each transformation period comes with new crisis and advantages that should be assessed carefully. Turkey has been trying tackle with these newly emerged challenges by pursuing a proactive foreign policy since the end of 1990s. In this framework, zero problem policy, which was introduced by Ahmet Davutoglu, has been effective to overcome certain problems with its neighbours and create a better environment to stimulate partnership in the Eurasian region. Yet, this policy seems to be not functioning properly in Turco-Armenian relations due to its complex characteristics that is directly related both with internal and external policies of these countries. In this paper, the relations, which have entered into a new phase with football diplomacy, will be examined in a critical manner to understand the current impasse in the relations between Turkey and Armenia. It is argued that the relations are in impasse due to domestic and international dynamics that affect the politics in Armenia and Turkey and there is a need for paradigm shift for a new phase to begin.Item Open Access A negotiation platform for cooperating multi-agent systems(Bilkent University, 1993) Polat, FarukResearch in Distributed Artificial Intelligence attempts to integrate and coordinate the activities of multiple, intelligent problem solvers that interact to solve complex tasks in domains such as design, medical diagnosis, business management, and so on. Due to the different goals, knowledge and viewpoints of the agents, conflicts might arise at any phase of the problem-solving process. Managing diverse knowledge requires well-organized models of conflict resolution. In this thesis, a computational model for cooperating intelligent agents which openly supports multi-agent conflict detection and resolution is described. The model is based on the insights that each agent has its own conflict management knowledge which is separated from its domain level knowledge. Each agent has its own conflict management knowledge which is not accessible or visible to others. Furthermore, there are no globally known conflict resolution strategies. Each agent involved in a conflict chooses a resolution scheme according to its self-interest. The problem-solving environment allows a new problem solver to be added or an existing one to be removed, without requiring any modification of the rest of the model, and therefore achieves open information system semantics.Item Unknown Oslo and its aftermath: lessons learned from track two diplomacy(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 2012) Çuhadar, E.; Dayton, B. W.Since the collapse of the Oslo peace process and the violence that followed, many scholars have reflected upon the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Most of this analysis has focused on official negotiations without considering the substantial role that unofficial peace efforts have played in peacebuilding, both prior to and after Oslo. This article, in contrast, seeks to better understand the application of "track two" diplomacy to the Israeli-Palestinian case. It reports on a self-reflection effort by numerous Israeli-Palestinian peace practitioners to better understand what has worked, what has not, and how new initiatives could be more effectively organized and carried out in the future. The research presented is based on an inventory of seventy-nine track two projects that occurred between Israelis and Palestinians between 1992 and 2004, personal interviews with many of those who organized and oversaw these projects, and two focus group meetings that brought together a total of forty practitioners. In this article, we seek to better understand two issues: (1) how track two initiatives have changed in scope, organization, and intent; and (2) how track two practitioners have sought to disseminate their work beyond the participants of those initiatives. Our findings present an overall picture of the Israeli-Palestinian second track practice and identify a number of trends and common types of practice. Among the trends we have identified are the following: during the peace process years, more track two initiatives were undertaken with elite/professional participants than with representatives of the grassroots, but in the subsequent decade-and-a-half, Israeli-Palestinian grassroots, track two initiatives gradually replaced senior-level track two exchanges; most of the grassroots initiatives we studied were relationship focused, whereas those involving elite participants are outcome focused; the track two community subscribes to a set of theoretical propositions about which conditions and contexts facilitate the transmission of track two insights and ideas to the political process, but these propositions have yet to be validated; and track two specialists do little strategic planning about ways to most effectively transfer track two insights and ideas to the political process. Our research also identified four distinct, but not mutually exclusive, approaches to practice: the psychological, the constructivist, the capacity building, and the realistic interest.Item Open Access Rethinking the role of track two diplomacy in conflict resolution: the democratic progress institute’s Turkey programme(Routledge, 2021-04-05) Dilek, EsraThe article examines the Democratic Progress Institute’s (DPI) Turkey program as a Track Two comparative consultation initiative applied in the case of Turkey’s peace process regarding the Kurdish conflict, commonly known as the ‘resolution/peace process’ (2012–2015). Based on interviews with high- and middle-level actors participating in events organized by the DPI, the article investigates the extent the initiative reached its purposes of building capacities for peace through the dissemination of comparative insights on peacemaking and generating a joint understanding between the conflict representatives. While Turkish and Kurdish participants adopted comparative insights they gained from the DPI study trips and workshops, by learning lessons related to the negotiation process and practical matters, they partially sought to ‘fit’ those insights into their own perspectives and prior beliefs. The findings point to motivated reasoning and confirmation bias for issues that remained controversial throughout the public peace process in Turkey, mainly Disarmament-Demobilization-Reintegration (DDR) and transitional justice.Item Open Access Reusability and schema evolution in object - oriented query models(ASME, New York, NY, United States, 1996) Polat, F.; Alhajj, R.In this paper, we have benefited from having an object algebra maintaining closure that makes it possible to have the output from a query persistent in the hierarchy. Based on this, it is possible to maximize reusability in object-oriented databases. Furthermore, we show how the object algebra is utilized to handle basic schema evolution functions without requiring any special set of built-in functions to serve the purpose. The invariants and the conflict resolving rules are specified. It is also shown how other schema functions are derivable from the basic ones.Item Open Access The social psychology of identity and Inter-group conflict: from theory to practice(Oxford University Press, 2011) Cuhadar, E.; Dayton, B.This paper reviews the seminal theories of social psychology which have guided scholarship on inter-group conflicts and describes how these theories have been used by conflict resolution practitioners to design Track Two diplomacy initiatives among citizens in conflict zones. The authors hope that such a review will provide scholars of conflict resolution and international politics with a better understanding of how complex social theories are adapted for use in the applied world, and how gaps between theory and practice can be identified and addressed. The paper begins with an overview of three of the main theoretical contributions of social psychology to the problem of inter-group conflict: social identity theory, stereotyping and prejudice, and contact theory. We then review how these theories have been applied by conflict resolution specialists in international and ethnic conflicts as they have sought to moderate intergroup hostilities in conflict zones. The paper concludes with an analysis of the gaps between theory and practice, namely: theory of change gap, transfer strategies gap, and unit of analysis gap. Finally, based on the reviewed social psychology research, the article makes policy recommendations about how these gaps between theory and practice can be narrowed. © 2011 International Studies Association.Item Open Access Third-party intervention techniques: A critical review(Bilkent University, 1997) Güven, AİstarConflict is one of the most dramatic and inescapable aspects of all social systems, be it personal, organizational, or international. The empirical study of conflict and conflict management is both an academic and practical exercise intended to minimize destructive consequences of conflict, while also maximizing its potential benefits. In this respect, various form of third-party intervention techniques have been developed and widely applied, as a means to steer conflict into constructive channels. In this study, two of these third-party intervention techniques— mediation and problem-solving workshops, are reviewed. Within this scope, some of the underlying assumptions on the nature of conflict and its resolution, with special emphasis on the World-Society paradigm and the Human-Needs theory are discussed. Ill Scope of mediation and problem-solving workshop activities are provided, as well as the current state of the theory and practice of mediation and problem-solving approaches. Using critical review techniques, different perspectives on the nature, roles and motives of the mediator, the participants, the style and timing of the intervention, etc. are identified. Furthermore, the setting and purpose of the problemsolving workshops are discussed with respect to three different schools of thought. As a conclusion, a comprehensive set of major drawbacks of the two techniques alongside with their contributions to the field of conflict resolution are offered and discussed in detail.Item Open Access Voting as validation in robot programming(Sage Publications Ltd., 1999-04) Utete, S. W.; Barshan, B.; Ayrulu, B.This paper investigates the use of voting as a conflict-resolution technique for data analysis in robot programming. Voting represents an information-abstraction technique. It is argued that in some cases a voting approach is inherent in the nature of the data being analyzed: where multiple, independent sources of information must be reconciled to give a group decision that reflects a single outcome rather than a consensus average. This study considers an example of target classification using sonar sensors. Physical models of reflections from target primitives that are typical of the indoor environment of a mobile robot are used. Dispersed sensors take decisions on target type, which must then be fused to give the single group classification of the presence or absence and type of a target. Dempster-Shafer evidential reasoning is used to assign a level of belief to each sensor decision. The decisions are then fused by two means. Using Dempster's rule of combination, conflicts are resolved through a group measure expressing dissonance in the sensor views. This evidential approach is contrasted with the resolution of sensor conflict through voting. It is demonstrated that abstraction of the level of belief through voting proves useful in resolving the straightforward conflicts that arise in the classification problem. Conflicts arise where the discriminant data value, an echo amplitude, is most sensitive to noise. Fusion helps to overcome this vulnerability: in Dempster-Shafer reasoning, through the modeling of nonparametric uncertainty and combination of belief values; and in voting, by emphasizing the majority view. The paper gives theoretical and experimental evidence for the use of voting for data abstraction and conflict resolution in areas such as classification, where a strong argument can be made for techniques that emphasize a single outcome rather than an estimated value. Methods for making the vote more strategic are also investigated. The paper addresses the reduction of dimension of sets of decision points or decision makers. Through a consideration of combination/order, queuing criteria for more strategic fusion are identified.