Ertaş, Yavuz Nuri2025-02-212025-02-212024-06-242095-7467https://hdl.handle.net/11693/116595Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are highly heterogeneous and potentially malignant tumors arising from secretory cells of the neuroendocrine system. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are the most common subtype of NENs. Historically, GEP-NENs have been regarded as infrequent and slow-growing malignancies; however, recent data have demonstrated that the worldwide prevalence and incidence of GEP-NENs have increased exponentially over the last three decades. In addition, an increasing number of studies have proven that GEP-NENs result in a limited life expectancy. These findings suggested that the natural biology of GEP-NENs is more aggressive than commonly assumed. Therefore, there is an urgent need for advanced researches focusing on the diagnosis and management of patients with GEP-NENs. In this review, we have summarized the limitations and recent advancements in our comprehension of the epidemiology, clinical presentations, pathology, molecular biology, diagnosis, and treatment of GEP-NETs to identify factors contributing to delays in diagnosis and timely treatment of these patients.EnglishCC BY 4.0 Deed (Attribution 4.0 International)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs)Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs)DiagnosisChemotherapyImmunotherapyReview10.1186/s40779-024-00535-62054-9369