Diao, XinshenYeldan, A. ErinçVon Hagen, J.Widgren, M.2019-05-132019-05-1320019781461356561http://hdl.handle.net/11693/51228Chapter 9Turkey has initiated its process of liberalization and integration with the world commodity and financial markets in January, 1980. With an over-reaching reform agenda, first the existing system of multiple exchange system was eliminated and a managed floating foreign exchange regime was enacted. An extensive direct subsidization scheme was introduced to promote exports. In the meantime, commodity markets were liberalized and a vigorous price reform was implemented.EnglishEuropean UnionCustom UnionReal exchange rateTrade liberalizationBilateral tradeTurkey’s strategic trade policy alternatives in a world of multi-polar trade blocs: lessons from an intertemporal, multi-region general equilibrium modelBook Chapter10.1007/978-1-4615-1643-9_910.1007/978-1-4615-1643-99781461516439