Ahangari, HamzehÖzkök, Yusuf İbrahimYıldırım, AsilSay, FatihAtık, FundaOzturk, Ozcan2024-03-062024-03-062023-03-1501419331https://hdl.handle.net/11693/114354In many industrial systems, including transportation, fault tolerance is a key requirement. Usually, faulttolerance is achieved by redundancy, where replication of critical components is used. In the case oftransportation computing systems, this redundancy starts with the processing element. In this paper, we useMarkov models to assess the level of safety with different redundancy techniques used in the literature. Morespecifically, we give implementation details for various architecture options and evaluate one out of two (1oo2)and two out of three (2oo3) implementations. We observe that both 1oo2 and 2oo3 can reduce the averageprobability of failure per hour (PFH) down to 10−7 which provides Level-3 (SIL3) safety according to thestandards.enReliabilitySafetyRedundancyTransportationArticle10.1016/j.micpro.2023.104818