Browsing by Subject "Letter of credit"

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    Factoring as a complement to modern banking system: Turkish case
    (1993) Muratoğlu, Cem
    This study is to present factoring as a financing technique and to search its contributions to the bankiiig industry. For this reason a detailed research is done by analyzing the implementation of factoring all around the world. In addition, a real life case is studied in order to show that firms which have working capital deficits can overcome their problems when they cooperate with factoring firms and banks together. FACTORING IS A COMPLEMENT TO MODERN BANKING SYSTEM : The firm's (which incurred the problem of working capital in the real life case) financial structure and ongoing projects were analyzed in terms of liquidity, profitability, and eff iciency. Finally, it is concluded that the utilization of factoring only, may not be sufficient to solve the financial problems of the firms but instead it is a complemantary to the banking system as a valuable instrument.
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    International trade and letters of credit: A double-edged sword in times of crises
    (Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., 2022-01-05) Crozet, Matthieu; Demir, Banu; Javorcik, Beata
    This study argues that the ability to mitigate risks associated with international trade is particularly important at times of heightened uncertainty, such as the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Risk mitigation can be achieved through letters of credit (LCs), trade finance instruments providing guarantees to trading partners. As their use varies across products, exports of some products are more resilient than others during times of increased uncertainty. This situation reverses in times of financial crises when distressed banks may limit the supply of LCs. Our analysis using data on US and EU-15 exports during the Covid crisis and the Global Financial Crisis provides empirical support for these hypotheses. © 2021, International Monetary Fund.