Browsing by Subject "Air pollution"

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Bir beldeyi ayağa kaldıran emektar santral: Tunçbilek Termik Santrali
(Bilkent University, 2020) Altınel, Mustafa Salih; Tekin, İpek; Arslan, Fuat; Akyıldız, Eda; Kılkış, Öykü
1950’li yıllarda Türkiye’nin sürekli artan enerji ihtiyacını karşılaması gerekiyordu. 1950 yılında iktidara gelen Demokrat Parti söz konusu enerji ihtiyacına önem vererek enerji politikalarını bu alanda sürdürerek termik santrallerin kurulmasını kararlaştırdı. 1956 yılında kurulan Tunçbilek Termik Santrali bu enerji politikaları sonucunda açılmış santrallerden birisidir. Tunçbilek Termik Santrali aktif olduğu dönemde bölge halkının geçim kaynağı oldu ve aynı zamanda Orta Anadolu’nun elektrik ihtiyacını karşıladı. 1980’li yılların başlangıcında santralin çevreye verdiği zararların fark edilmesi ve santralin özelleştirilmesi ve makineleşme sonucunda Tunçbilek Termik Santrali halkın yaşamındaki yerini kaybetti ve 2020 yılının Ocak ayında kapandı.
Open Access
Emissions due to fossil-fuel consumption and cement production in Turkey (1970-1991)
(Elsevier, 1996-04) Zaim, K. K.
Standard emission factors are used for estimating levels of particulate matter (PM), SOx, CO, volatile organic compounds (VOC), NOx and CO2. Results are presented for different fuels and energy-consuming sectors. In the early 1970s households utilizing lignite made the most significant contributions to emissions, while manufacturing industries with both lignite and petroleum utilization were responsible for SOx, NOx, and PM emissions. Households continued to produce the same CO and VOC emissions and manufacturing industries continued to be responsible for NOx emissions through the 1970–1990 period. Power production had gained in importance with regard to SOx, CO2, and PM emissions by 1990.
Open Access
Estimation and forecasting of PM10 air pollution in Ankara via time series and harmonic regressions
(Springer, 2020) Akdi, Y.; Okkaoğlu, Y.; Gölveren, E.; Yücel, M. Eray
In this study, monthly particulate matter (PM10) values in Ankara (39.9334° N, 32.8597° E) from January 1993 to December 2017 are examined. The PM10 are those thoracic particles whose aerodynamic diameter is less than 10 μm (micrometers), and it is of critical health importance due to the penetrability to the lower airways. As an alternative to classical unit root tests, a unit root test primarily based on periodograms is introduced owing to its advantages over alternatives. After examining the stationarity of the series through periodogram-based test as well as its standard rivals, periodic components in the series are examined and it is observed that the series has both periodic and seasonal components. These components are modeled, using the inherent dynamics of a time series alone, within a trigonometric harmonic regression setup, eventually yielding the forecast values for 2018 that turns out to be superior to those obtained by means of ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average). This is a striking result since the modeling framework requires no assumptions, no parameter estimations except for the variance of the white noise series, no simulations of the power of tests, no adjustments of test statistics with respect to sample size and no preliminary work as to independent variable which is simply time, i.e., the period of forecast.
Open Access
Estimation of health and economic benefits of air pollution abatement for Turkey in 1990 and 1993
(Elsevier, 1997-11) Zaim, K. K.
An average of 15 million residents of the major cities in Turkey were exposed to particulate matter (PM10) and SO2 levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) standards in the 1990–1993 period. An assessment of the health effects due to particulate matter (PM10) and exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) suggests that, if annual PM10 and SO2 levels were reduced to WHO standards, this could have brought a reduction of 5940 and 5480 hospital admissions for respiratory diseases, 121,400 and 112,100 emergency room visits, 8.26 and 6.85 million restricted activity days and 57,000 and 73,000 cases of low respiratory symptoms in children 0–12 years of age in 1990 and 1993 respectively. The estimated annual economic value of avoiding these effects is nearly 0.12% and 0.08% of the 1990 and 1993 gross national product (GNP). Furthermore, the results show that, by attaining WHO air pollution standards, 3310 and 3060 lives could have been saved in 1990 and 1993 respectively. Copyright © 1998 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Open Access
Hazardous waste management problem: the case for incineration
(Elsevier, 2007) Emek, E.; Kara, B. Y.
We define the hazardous waste management problem as the combined decisions of selecting the disposal method, siting the disposal plants and deciding on the waste flow structure. The hazardous waste management problem has additional requirements depending on the selected disposal method. In this paper we focus on incineration, for which the main additional requirement is to satisfy the air pollution standards imposed by the governmental restrictions. We propose a cost-based mathematical model in which the satisfaction of air pollution standards is also incorporated. We used the Gaussian Plume equation in measuring the air pollution concentrations at population centers. A large-scale implementation of the proposed model within Turkey is provided.
Open Access
Highly-dispersed iridium catalysts with sub-nanometer diameters for carbon monoxide oxidation
(2021-09) Hosseini, Seyedsaber
Novel catalytic architectures composed of catalytic centers with sub-nanometer diameters for CO oxidation reaction were designed, synthesized, and characterized. Accordingly, well-dispersed iridium precious metal active sites were supported on various catalytic support materials. Namely, magnesium oxide (MgO), ceria (CeO2), lanthana-zirconia (La2O3–ZrO2) and titania-zirconia (TiO2–ZrO2) systems were chosen as different support systems. The favorable catalytic effect of highly-dispersed Ir active sites with sub-nanometer diameters were demonstrated in flow-mode catalytic performance tests, where the lower loadings of highly dispersed Ir sites showed comparable catalytic activity in CO oxidation to that of bigger Ir clusters with higher metal loading. Furthermore, influence of the catalyst pre-treatment conditions (e.g., reduction in H2, oxidation in O2, and calcination in air) on the catalyst structure and performance were also studied via XRD, Raman, BET, XPS, TEM, EDX, and in-situ FTIR spectroscopy techniques. Our results indicate that in all the catalytic systems, high-dispersion Ir sites can be generated on supports where Ir exists as small clusters with < 1 nm particle size. Moreover, catalyst pretreatment conditions revealed noticeable alterations in the catalyst structure in terms of average support particle size, reduction extent of the support, specific surface area, pore volume, pore size, and Ir oxidation state. Finally, catalytic performance results indicated that under reaction conditions yielding close to 100% CO conversion, 0.2 and 0.5 wt.% Ir catalysts led to comparable performance to that of 1 wt.% Ir catalyst demonstrating the advantage of catalytic systems with highly dispersed sub-nanometer diameter active sites with extremely low metal loading.
Open Access
Modeling and forecasting of monthly PM2.5 emission of Paris by periodogram-based time series methodology
(Springer, 2021-09-03) Akdi, Y.; Gölveren, E.; Ünlü, K. D.; Yücel, Mustafa Eray
In this study, monthly particulate matter (PM2.5) of Paris for the period between January 2000 and December 2019 is investigated by utilizing a periodogram-based time series methodology. The main contribution of the study is modeling the PM2.5 of Paris by extracting the information purely from the examined time series data, where proposed model implicitly captures the effects of other factors, as all their periodic and seasonal effects reside in the air pollution data. Periodicity can be defined as the patterns embedded in the data other than seasonality, and it is crucial to understand the underlying periodic dynamics of air pollutants to better fight pollution. The method we use successfully captures and accounts for the periodicities, which could otherwise be mixed with seasonality under an alternative methodology. Upon the unit root test based on periodograms, it is revealed that the investigated data has periodicities of 1 year and 20 years, so harmonic regression is utilized as an alternative to Box-Jenkins methodology. As the harmonic regression displayed a better performance both in and out-of-sample forecasts, it can be considered as a powerful alternative to model and forecast time series with a periodic structure.
Open Access
Modified GDP through health cost analysis of air pollution: the case of Turkey
(1999) Zaim, K. K.
Economic growth and performance is monitored through the gross domestic product (GDP) of a nation. It has long been recognized that the traditionally computed GDP does not account for gains and losses observed due to the consumption of natural resources and environmental services. Hence, the objective of this study is to modify the Turkish GDP by taking social cost associated with air pollution into consideration. To this end health benefits and economic costs of air-quality improvement are estimated. The computations are based on the dose-response coefficients reported in several studies. The results indicate that a decrease in PM10 and SO2 levels to the WHO guideline would have resulted in a total of 48.309 x 1010 and 153.38 x 1010 Turkish lira savings in 1990 and 1993, respectively. These correspond to 0.12% and 0.08% of 1990 and 1993 GDPs, respectively.