Faculty of Law - Ph.D. / Sc.D.

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https://hdl.handle.net/11693/13941

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Open Access
Foreign Element and Its Results in Civil Procedure
(Bilkent University, 2015) Erdoğan, Ersin; Atalı, Murat
This thesis dealt with foreign element and its results in Civil Procedure. In this context, first, foreign element is defined, and then qualification issue is analyzed. In addition, dogmatic justification of lex fori principle is examined. Finally, the results of the foreign element in each procedural term and institution is examined. Specifically the applicable law for concrete cases is analyzed.
Open Access
Benefits of founders in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code
(Bilkent University, 2017-02) Hazıroğlu, Elif Cemre; Aytaç, Zühtü
Firstly, it was attempted in this work to ascertain the importance of possessing the ‘founder’ title in joint-stock companies, and its results with respect to the activities of the company and legal responsibilites arising thereof, within the time period starting with the signature of Articles of Association until the registration of the company to the Commercial Register. One of the results of possessing the abovementioned title is being granted certain rights under the name of ‘benefits of founders’, provided that it is foreseen in the Articles of Association. The detailed analysis of the rights that can be granted through these benefits, the possible subjects of these rights and the relationship between the right owners and the joint-stock company consititute the subsequent and more comprehensive part of this work.
Open Access
The right to work in international labor law and the case of Turkey
(Bilkent University, 2017-04) Kılıçkaya Kapanoğlu, Güldane Zeynep; Onar, Erdal
The right to work is an internationally recognized social human right. Due to its pivotal position in the lives of the individuals and at the same time being vulnerable against possible exploitative actions, work is adopted as a realm that requires special protection. The source of this protection reaches further into the international human rights instruments, which set the minimum standards concerning the rights and principles deriving from work. Accordingly, the right to work is commonly situated at the top of the list of economic and social rights within such international instruments. Nonetheless, it is observed that there is not a clear adopted definition of the right to work. A number of characteristics and functions are bestowed on the right to work, albeit the absence of clear borders to identify the right. In particular, the right to work is mostly referred to in terms of its instrumental character as ensuring the enjoyment of other economic and social rights. The objective of this dissertation is to provide a liberal definition of the right to work that not only adopts the interests it protects as a social human right, but also satisfies the contemporary trends and notions. It further analyzes the conformity of the Turkish law with the international principles on the right to work and how it correlates to the definition proposed in the dissertation.
Open Access
Contracts of guarantee relating to capital market instruments
(Bilkent University, 2017-09) Benli, Erman; Manavgat, Çağlar
In this thesis, contracts of guarantee relating to capital market instruments, which is regulated in the Capital Market Law so as to harmonize with UNIDROIT and EU regulations, are examined. First, the financial collateral arrangements are handled in terms of comparative law. Second, the regulation of contracts of guarantee relating to capital market instruments in Turkish law is analyzed and discussed.
Open Access
Procedural problems occuring during individual application to the Constitutional Court
(Bilkent University, 2017-09) Karaarslan, Abdulkadir; Çelebi, Ece Göztepe
Individual application to the constitutional courts is a legal remedy that has been designed to ensure effective protection of the human rights and fundamental liberties. This legal remedy provides the citizens with the right of alleging concrete breaches of their fundamental rights enshrined in the constitution. The protection of the human rights by the expert courts in the field of human rights have been introduced in the different countries legal order by taking into account various reasons. In Turkish practice, the main reason for the introduction of individual application to the constitutional court is the high number of applications and violations before the European Court of Human Rights. The individual application system was introduced into the Turkish legal order by the constitutional amendments approved in the result of a public referendum held on 12 September 2010. Two years of preparation period were projected until 23 September 2012. As from the latter date, the Turkish Constitutional Court has started to receive individual applications, the commissions and the sections of the Constitutional Court have rendered many judgments which present the approach of the Courts as to the admissibility criteria as well as the essence and the contents of the rights that may be subject for individual application. However, the excessive number of the applications based on various human rights claims brought by the Court have given rise to workload that may risk effective protection of human rights by the Court. Therefore, the spesific procedure is designed for the individual applications to avoid the risk of workload. The procedure concerning individual application is composed of all the procedural acts carried out by the applicant, the court and the other that have right to take part in the proceeding. Within this framework, the formal and substantive requirements of the individual application, the composition of judicial and administrative units of the Constitutional Court that deal with individual application, the scope and the rights of the examination by the Constitutional Court,the procedures related to registration and administrative review of individual applications, the exhaustion of administrative and judicial remedies rule, time limits foır individual applications, the role played by the Ministry of Justice have been examined in this study. The judgment rendered by the Court concerning individual application have constituted the main subject of this study. Keywords: Constitutional Court, Individual Application, Procedural Admissibility Criteria, Procedure of the Individual Application.
Open Access
Fundamental corporate changes of publicly held corporations and their consequences
(Bilkent University, 2017-12) Tarhan, Damla Gül; Aytaç, Zühtü
Fundamental corporate changes of publicly held corporations have been codified in capital market law. Article 23, 24 and 25 of Capital Market Law with the code number 6362 and Comminuque on Common Principles of Fundamental Corporate Changes and Appraisal Right (II-23.1) issued by Capital Market Board are applicable related to fundamental corporate changes. The transactions shall be concluded according to the process eleborated in legal rules; and appraisal right and mandatory tender offer should be applied as tools for preserving shareholders. Fundamental corporate changes provide majority with the power of deciding on transactions which could significantly effect publicly held corporation. In addition, the concept accommodates minority shareholders with sufficient protection. Conceptual characteristics of fundamental corporate changes are planned to be examined in the thesis. To this end, in the First Chapter, the concept, historical improvement and effects of the concept and in the Second Chapter, the process of legal regulation in Turkey are examined. The Third Chapter is dedicated to analyze decisional process and sanctions of not pursuing the process; and the Fourt Chapter comprises assessment on appraisal right and mandatory tender offer which are both designed to protect minorty shareholders from negative effects. The thesis is concluded after the Fourt Chapter which is devoted to examine the suggestions for efficiency of application process of fundamental corporate changes.
Open Access
Public interest in public-private partnerships
(Bilkent University, 2018-01) Bayazıt, Bahar; Tan, Turgut
In this study, firstly public-private partnerships are tried to be defined and classified, and then they are compared with public procurement and privatization practices. Afterward, public-private partnerships are examined within the scope of public services, and the legal natures of public-private partnership agreements are determined. The uncertainty caused by the legal sub-structure which regulates the public-private partnership methods that are currently implemented has been determined, and the need for uniform regulation has been put forward. In the study, the issues that need to be considered both methodically and contractually in publicprivate partnerships have been discussed in order to ensure public interest, which is one of the basic concepts of administrative law.
Open Access
Civil liability of the arbitrators
(Bilkent University, 2018-01) Konuralp, Orhan Emre; Atalı, Murat
This study examines the legal basis, scope and consequences of the civil liability of arbitrators, who constitute one of the essential elements of arbitration, which is a frequent dispute resolution method. For this purpose, the legal basis of the relationship between the arbitrators and the parties to the dispute is first examined. Later on, the legal nature of the arbitration agreement, which constitutes the basis of the contractual relationship, is examined and the rights and obligations of the parties arising from this contract were handled separately. Finally, it is discussed how the arbitrators' civil liability is covered by law and whether these regulations are restrictive. In addition, the civil liability of the arbitrators is compared with the civil liability of the judges and it is asked whether the arbitrators have an immunity from civil liability. The criminal liability of arbitrators is also taken into consideration, as far as it is related with civil liability.
Open Access
Law making power of Grand National Assembly of Turkey under 1982 Constitution
(Bilkent University, 2018-03) Yüksel, İsmail; Onar, Erdal
This thesis examines the legislative procedure of Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Journey of legislative bills that start form their submission to the chair of the parliament until their ratification has been reviewed. Our work focuses on the procedural rules of the parliament which are almost always shadowed by the discussions on the merits of the law although they cause considerable tension between majority and the opposition. Constitutional Court decisions that shaped the parliamentary practice and the parliamentary practice itself has been detailed in our two-part thesis. First part of our thesis is titled as “Default Procedure” and includes the default rules of procedure, where our second part titled as “Special Rules of Procedure” explains exceptional procedures laid down in law. Effects of the recent amendments to the Constitution realized by Act No. 6771 on parliamentary procedure has also been analyzed in our thesis.
Open Access
Law applicable to the formal validity of marriages and consular marriages
(Bilkent University, 2018-04) Akgün Tekgül, Cansu; Tiryakioğlu, Bilgin
The number of marriages possessing foreign elements is increasing rapidly in today's globalized world where international movement of people across nation states’ boundaries has gained significant momentum. In order to conclude a legally valid marriage, many of the modern legal systems stipulate that certain substantive and formal conditions shall be satisfied by the parties to the marriage. However, the scope and meaning of these conditions vary considerably from one legal system to the other. Accordingly, the dichotomy between the conditions of form and substance related to marriages result in the adoption of different connecting factors for the formal validity and the essential validity of marriages with foreign elements. It is agreed, by the private international law regulations of almost all legal systems that formal validity of marriages should be governed by lex loci celebrationis (LLC), the law of the place where the marriage is solemnized. LLC, which is regarded as one of the oldest and firmly established choice of law rule of all times, has also been incorporated into the international agreements on the subject in hand. However, it is hard to say that there is an international uniformity with regard to the application and interpretation of the said rule. This study aims to shed light on the private international law regulations and case law of certain countries belonging to Anglo-saxon and Continental Europe legal systems regarding the law applicable to formal validity of marriage and consular marriages as well as the international agreements on one hand, and the Turkish private international law regulations, court practices and doctrinal opinions on the other hand. By examining in a broad legal perspective of the LLC rule and consular marriages, it is intended to bring forward concrete solutions for achievement of a uniform approach on resolution of conflict of laws problems with respect to the formal validity of international marriages and prevention of limping marriages, where a marriage is regarded as formally valid according to one domestic legal system while invalid according to the other.
Open Access
Arbitrability of competition disputes
(Bilkent University, 2018-04) Bolatoğlu, Hilmi; Tiryakioğlu, Bilgin
Today, arbitration is seen as a neutral and effective solution to disputes in the rapidly expanding international trade and is favored much more than national courts. The fact that the fast-growing world trade has brought competitive economies to forefront, causes the countries that want greater share from international trade attach greater value to the competition law. Since both the arbitration and the competition law are rapidly developing in the globalizing world, an inevitable common playground for international trade has emerged. This study focuses particularly on the arbitrability of competition disputes, in correlation of competition law and arbitration law. Starting with the non-arbitrability doctrine, the first section discusses the general legal framework for the concept of arbitrability. In the second section, arbitrability of competition disputes is analyzed in terms of comparative law. Third section focuses mainly on the Turkish Law. Legal provisions that regulate arbitrability in Turkish law are interpreted and relevant judicial decisions are examined chronologically. Fourth section deals with the procedural and substantial problems of determining arbitrability of competition disputes in arbitral and judicial proceedings. In this way, the theoretical and practical framework concerning the arbitrability of competition disputes in Turkey will be tried to be established in our work by utilising the comparative law.
Open Access
The principle of bona fides from Roman law to contemporary law
(Bilkent University, 2018-05) Şans Uçaryılmaz, Talya; Koçhisarlıoğlu, Cengiz
Fides (fidelity and to honor the word), one of the strictly adopted moral values in the Roman civilization, gained a legal character by being transformed to the concept of bona fides with the applications of Roman procedural law. Bona fides that is evolved by the “ex fide bona” clauses, which were added to iudicia bonae fidei (good faith suits) and provided the legal eslasticity by giving the judge the possibility to condemn the parties to the requirements of good faith, and the exceptio doli (the fraud exception), has expressed the good faith in its subjective and objective sense. The most important medium in which bona fides finds its place, has been the law of contracts. The fundamental criteria of objective bona fides is: Loyalty, honesty and reasonableness. Bona fides, the good faith rule in contemporary contract law, has interpretative; supplementary; corrective and obligation creating functions. The concept of bona fides is the source of many different doctrines such as the prohibition of abuse of rights; the prohibition of the inconsistent behaviour; pacta sunt servanda and clausula rebus sic standibus. The principle of bona fides, is operating like a bridge between different legal systems on account of its amorphous nature and that it is based on moral-ethical values. Bona fides that started to play a massive role in supranational legal texts, is suitable to provide the elasticity to overcome the firmness of national legal rules and the legal dynamism that is required for the globalisation of law.
Open Access
Ultrahazardous activity liability of enterprises
(Bilkent University, 2018-07) Alper, Gizem; Sirmen, Lâle
With the acceptance of the new Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO), the Turkish law-maker followed the trend in foreign laws and held enterprises with much stricter liabilities. The strictest type of liability, or no fault based liability is codified with a general rule in TCO for enterprises owners and operators who conduct a “ultrahazardous activity”. Strict liability is a controversial subject, for the tortfeasor, who is not at fault while causing the injury. This thesis joins the vibrant discussion about article 71 of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Though many subject in this matter have been discussed there is still much more to be debated. In this dissertation, the first chapter will examine the historical basis for strict liability, the historical development of general rules for strict liability and finally the strict liability types provided in Turkish Law. The second chapter will provide the information of how TCO Art. 71 will come into force. The elements of liability and the tortfeasor will be examined in this chapter. Finally the third chapter will present the scope of the liability, with emphases on liability for innovations and enterprise liability.
Open Access
The positive contract of inheritance and the problem of its binding effect
(Bilkent University, 2019-01) Yakupoğlu, Sekine Derya; Koçhisarlıoğlu, Cengiz
Besides the unilateral freely revocable testamentary will, the second form of testamentary dispositions is the contract of inheritance. The contract of inheritance is on the one hand a form of testamentary disposition, and on the other hand a contract. Due to its nature, the inheritance contract is also referred to as a contract with dual character. By means of its binding character, the contract of inheritance constitutes a substantial alternative to the testamentary will. Taking into consideration the testator’s private autonomy in terms of private law, it is worth examining the significance of the binding effect of the contract of inheritance. The Turkish Civil Code Art. 527/1 states that the testator, by means of a contract of inheritance, commits to bequeath his estate or legacy to the other contracting party or IV a third party. This is the legal definition of the positive inheritance contract. These are the two main types of inheritance contracts, whereby the principle of numerus clausus does not apply. According to Art. 527/2 (ZGB Art. 494/2), the testator may freely dispose of his assets despite the concluded inheritance contract. However, testamentary dispositions or gifts that conflict with the obligations under the contract of inheritance are challengable. The binding effect of the contract of inheritance described in Art. 527/ 2 is highly controversial, and thus there are different opinions in literature and case law. The Turkish Civil Code Art. 527 is the translation of Art. 494 of the Swiss Civil Code. Therefore, this dissertation focuses primarily on the opinions expressed in the Turkish and Swiss legal systems and their case law with regard to the binding effect of the contract of inheritance. The dissertation also refers to German law to the extent where it is necessary.
Open Access
Anayasa mahkemesi kararlarında Kemalizm ve otoriterlik: analitik bir inceleme
(Bilkent University, 2019-07) Alpbaz, Mustafa Mert; Çelebi, Ece Göztepe
Bu çalışmanın amacı Kemalizm’in Türkiye’deki anayasacılık hareketlerindeki rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada Kemalizm’in bir ideoloji olarak Türkiye anayasalarına yansıması siyasi ve tarihi gelişmeler çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Kemalizm’in ilkelerinin Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlarına nasıl yansıdığı tartışılmış, hangi ilkeler bakımından Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin “Kemalist” olarak nitelendirilebileceği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Türkiye’de anayasa yargısının kuruluş süreci de parlamentodaki azınlıkların korunması düşüncesiyle açıklanmıştır. Bu sürecin açıklanmasında başvurulan merkez-çevre ilişkileri ile hegemonik koruma teorilerinin, Türkiye’deki sürece uymayan yönleri ele alınmıştır. Anayasa Mahkemesi kararları da bu teoriler yönünden ve “Kemalist otoriterlik” olgusu çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.
Open Access
Külli halefiyet hallerinin vergi sorumluluğu açısından değerlendirilmesi
(Bilkent University, 2019-07) Dayanç Kuzeyli, Nazlı Nilay; Mutluer, Kâmil
Vergi sorumluluğu, vergi alacağına ilişkin maddi ve şekli ödevlerin yerine getirilmesinin, vergiyi doğuran olay kendi kişiliğinde gerçekleşmiş olmayan üçüncü kişilerden talep edilebilmesine imkân verir. Külli halefiyet ise, hak ve borçlarla birlikte tüm malvarlığının halefe intikal ettiği halefiyet türünü ifade eder. Külli halefiyet hallerinde, kendisine külli halefiyet sonucu bağlanan hukuki olay veya hukuki işlem gerçekleşmeden önceki vergi ödevlerinden halefin sorumluluğu, vergiyi doğuran olay, halefin kişiliğinde gerçekleşmediğinden, vergi sorumluluğu olarak değerlendirilebilecektir. Ölüm halinde, mirasçılar mirasbırakanın malvarlığını külli halefiyet yolu ile kazanırlar. Şirketlerin birleşme ve bölünme işlemlerinde de intikal külli halefiyet prensibine bağlı olarak gerçekleşir. Benzer şekilde, ticari işletmenin bir bütün olarak devrine imkan veren yine külli halefiyet prensibidir. Bu hallerin tamamında halefin sorumluluğu, vergi sorumluluğu hali olarak değerlendirilebilecektir. Anılan hallerin ortak özelliği, kendisine külli halefiyet sonucu bağlanmış hukuki olay veya hukuki işlem gerçekleşmeden önceki alacaklıların rızası aranmaksızın borçlunun değişmesidir. Bu açıdan bahis konusu haller, vergi hukuku ilişkisinin kamusal niteliği gereği, borçlunun iradi değişiminin mümkün olmaması kuralının istisnasını oluşturur. Vergi Usul Kanunu’nun 8. maddesinin 3. fıkrası uyarınca bu istisna, ancak vergi kanunlarıyla da kabul edilmesi halinde vergi borçlarını kapsayacaktır. Bununla birlikte, vergi hukukunun hem özel hukuk hem de kamu hukukunun etkili olduğu bir alan olması, külli halefiyetin hangi hallerde vergi kanunları tarafından kabul edilmiş olduğunun tespitini güçleştirmektedir. Vergi Usul Kanunu’nda, külli halefiyete ilişkin genel nitelikli bir hükmün olmaması, külli halefiyet ilkesine bağlanan sonuçlar ile vergilerin yasallığı ilkesini zaman zaman karşı karşıya getirmektedir. Külli halefiyetin vergi hukuku bağlamında iki yönlü etkisinden söz edilebilir. Bir yönü ile külli halefiyet, önceki borçlunun yerine yenisinin geçmesini sağlaması açısından, vergi ödevlerinin yerine getirilmesini güvence altına alır. Bununla birlikte külli halefiyet bir diğer yönü ile vergi yükümlüsüne ait hak ve borçların bir bütün olarak tek bir olay veya hukuki işlemle, kanunun aradığı özel şartların gerçekleşmesi aranmaksızın geçişini sağladığından, özel servet vergileri açısından bu güvencenin kısmen ortadan kalkmasına yol açar. Çalışmada vergi sorumluluğu genel olarak açıklandıktan sonra, adı geçen külli halefiyet halleri, bahsedilen sorunlar çerçevesinde tek tek incelenecektir. Ortaya çıkan sorunlar için de çeşitli öneriler sunulacaktır.
Open Access
Uluslararası hukukta gıda hakkı
(Bilkent University, 2019-07) Peerzada, Rabia İlay; Onar, Erdal
Bu çalışmada, Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme başta olmak üzere insan haklarını korumaya yönelik farklı uluslararası antlaşmalarda ve yumuşak hukuk belgelerinde tanınmış olan gıda hakkının, normatif içeriği ve devletlere yüklediği yükümlülükler ele alınmıştır. Bu çerçevede, açlığın farklı biçimleri ve boyutları değerlendirilmekle birlikte, günümüzde gıda hakkı ihlallerinin ne şekillerde tezahür ettiği ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, ihlaller karşısında uluslararası hukukta hâlihazırda var olan mekanizmalar kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak, gıda hakkının herkes için etkin bir şekilde sağlanabilmesi için gerek uluslararası hukukta gerekse uluslararası hukuktan kaynaklanan yükümlülükleri yerine getirmenin araçlarından biri olan ulusal hukukta atılması gereken adımlar, olası çözüm önerileri olarak sunulmuştur.
Open Access
Sermaye piyasasında kamuyu aydınlatma belgelerinden doğan hukuki sorumluluk
(Bilkent University, 2020-01) Meral, Nevin; Aytaç, Zühtü
Bu çalışmada, kamuyu aydınlatma belgelerindeki bilgilerin yanlış, yanıltıcı ve eksik olmasından kaynaklanan hukuki sorumluluğun niteliği, unsurları ve sorumlu kişiler, SPKn’da bulunan farklı hükümlerin uygulama alanına göre incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede karşılaştırmalı hukuktan faydalanılarak kamuyu aydınlatma ilkesi, kamuyu aydınlatma belgeleri ve bu belgelerdeki bilgilerden doğan hukuki sorumluluk sırasıyla ele alınmıştır. Son bölümde ise özellikle bu sorumluluğun sonucu olarak açılan tazminat davasının şartları ayrıntılı bir şekilde tartışılmıştı
Open Access
Üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşme
(Bilkent University, 2020-01) Çilenti Konuralp, Ayşen; Sirmen, Lâle
Üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşme, Türk Borçlar Kanunu‟nun 129. maddesinde düzenlenen genel bir kavramdır. Sözleşme tarafları bu sözleşme ile bir üçüncü kişiyi yararlandırmayı amaçlar. Üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşmenin temel ortaya çıkış biçimleri olan eksik üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşme ve tam üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşmenin varlığı, sözleşme tarafı olmayan üçüncü kişiye bir alacak hakkı sağlanıp sağlanmadığına göre tespit edilir. Kanun koyucu üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşmeyi genel bir kavram olarak dar bir hüküm ile düzenlemiştir. Bu nedenle hüküm uygulamada ortaya çıkan pek çok hukukî soruna çözüm sunamamaktadır. Bu çalışma, genel nitelikli hükümlerin, özel sözleşme türlerine ait hükümlerin ve diğer üçlü ilişkilere ait hükümlerin kıyasen; yabancı hukuk düzenlerinde getirilmiş çözümlerin ise yorum yoluyla uygulanması ile bu hukukî sorunlara çözüm bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın birinci bölümünde genel olarak üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşme kavramı, kanuni düzenleme ve üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşmenin diğer üç köşeli ilişkilerden farkı incelenecektir. İkinci bölümde, üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşmenin özellik arz eden türü olan tam üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşmenin kuruluşu ve tarafların nitelikleri ele alınacaktır. Üçüncü kişinin hak kazanımı ve bunun sonuçları bu bölümde incelenecektir. Üçüncü bölümde sözleşme katılanları arasındaki ilişkiler ve üçüncü kişiye ifa ele alınacaktır. Dördüncü bölümde ise tam üçüncü kişi yararına sözleşmede borca aykırılık ve iade taleplerine yer verilecektir.
Open Access
Uluslararası doğal gaz sözleşmelerinden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıkların tahkim yolu ile çözümünde esasa uygulanacak hukuk
(Bilkent University, 2020-09) Taşveren, Sema; Tiryakioğlu, Bilgin
Bir doğal gaz projesi arama ve üretim aşamasından başlayıp satıma kadar değişik aşamalar içermekte ve her bir aşama için farklı sözleşme türleri söz konusu olmaktadır. Yatırım sözleşmeleri ev sahibi devlet ile yatırımcı arasında imzalanan sözleşmeler olup ev sahibi devletin politik risklerine maruz kalabilmektedir. Söz konusu riskleri bertaraf etmek ve ev sahibi devletin yatırımlara ilişkin uluslararası sorumluluğu için devletler arasında uluslararası yatırım anlaşmaları imzalanmaktadır. Uluslararası anlaşmalarda yer alan şemsiye hükümler ve geniş kapsamlı uyuşmazlık çözüm mekanizmaları, yatırımcının yatırım sözleşmesi ihlallerini yatırım tahkimine götürmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Ticarî sözleşmeler ise özel kişiler arasında imzalanan doğal gaz satımına ilişkin uluslararası sözleşmelerdir. Bu sözleşmelerden kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıklar da yatırım sözleşmelerinde olduğu gibi genellikle uluslararası tahkim yolunda görülmektedir. Esasa uygulanacak hukuk hem yatırım sözleşmeleri hem de ticarî sözleşmelerde tarafların sözleşmelere ilişkin beklenti ve öngörülerine de cevap vermekte ve verimliliği artırmaktadır. Taraflarca sözleşmenin esassına ilişkin uygulanacak hukuk seçilmediğinde hakemler tarafından hukuk tespit edilmektedir. Tahkim kararlarında hakemlerin her iki sözleşme türünde farklı yaklaşım sergiledikleri görülmektedir.