Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared in late 2019, led to countless cases and deaths and eventually regarded as one of the severe pandemics of modern times. To reduce hospitalization and ...

Emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has been met by an exceptionally fast response from vaccine makers around the globe. Vaccines that elicit excellent immunological responses against SARS-CoV-2 are now widely utilized. ...

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which first appeared in Wuhan, China and had a pandemic effect at the end of 2019, has urgently created need of suitable vaccine candidates’ development with its quick spread. Scientists in different ...

CpG ODNs are potent immunotherapeutic agents. In human, two major classes of CpG ODNs were shown to induce differential immune activation. D ODNs are strong IFNα inducers, thus promising antiviral agents, whereas K ODNs ...

Microbial infection initiates multiple TLR ligand mediated signaling cascade on innate immune cells. While some TLRs trigger a Th1 biased immune activation, others may lead to a Th2 dominant immune response. Extracellular ...

COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, emerged in China in late 2019, and as of March 2020 has become a serious concern for the whole world due to severe progression of the disease especially in the elderly and high ...

Innate immune system is activated by a wide range of microbial by products leading to an immediate immune activation primarily designed to neutralize and control the invading insult. The cells of the innate immune system ...