Mesenchymal stromal or stem cells (MSCs) modulate immune responses apart from their regenerative capacities. Accumulating evidence suggests that MSCs exert their paracrine effects through extracellular vesicles known as ...

The major theme of this thesis was to characterize and understand the immunomodulatory potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from different mouse and human cell lines on immune cells. To this end, we first ...

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) expressing suppressive TTAGGG motifs effectively down-regulate the production of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines elicited by a variety of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) dependent or ...

Microbial infection initiates multiple TLR ligand mediated signaling cascade on innate immune cells. While some TLRs trigger a Th1 biased immune activation, others may lead to a Th2 dominant immune response. Extracellular ...

Recent studies have demonstrated that innate immune system has great ability to discriminate self from non-self through the action of innate immune receptors. The most extensively studied innate immune receptor family ...

Innate immune system is activated by a wide range of microbial by products leading to an immediate immune activation primarily designed to neutralize and control the invading insult. The cells of the innate immune system ...