In the absence of politically influential aristocracy and the entrepreneurial middle classes, the political and economic transformations in the Republican Turkey have been the handiwork of the political elites. Thus, late ...

In studies on civil society, there is a tendency to perceive it as an instrument for the transition from an authoritarian system of government to a democratic one. It is not taken as a societal entity in an already ...

Turkey's democracy has been consolidated by the inclusion of the religiously-oriented into mainstream politics. This was facilitated by the increasing secularization of the Turks that made support for a radical religious ...

The particular pattern the bureaucratic development in Turkey has evinced suggests that legal rationality is a prerequisite for the successful institutionalization of rational productivity. Whereas there is a zero-sum type ...

Until recently, although they did not subscribe to political Islam, religiously-oriented political parties in Turkey were closed down because their leaders could not prevent some militant members from making statements ...

Turkey's recent success in dealing with the threat of political Islam without the military taking power into its own hands cannot be explained by either of the two contending theories about the military's role in the ...